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Deviance
any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs
Crime
behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions
Juvenile delinquency
a violation of the laws or the commission of a status offense by young people
Social control
the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance
Criminology
systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons
Strain theory - Merton
people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals
Illegitimate opportunity structures
circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels
Differential association theory
states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity
Rational Choice theory of deviance
states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such an action
Social bond theory
holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a persons ties to society are weakened or broken
Labeling theory
states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly
Labeling Stages
Primary deviance - refers to the initial act of rule breaking
Secondary deviance - the process that occurs when a person who has been labeled as deviant accepts the new identity and continues the deviant behavior
Tertiary deviance - deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled as deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as non deviant
Violent crime
actions - murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault - involving force or the threat of force against others
Property crime
include burglary, motor-vehicle theft, larceny-theft, and arson
Victimless crime
crimes involving a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults
Occupational (White collar) crimes
comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs
Corporate crime
illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support ex. financial fraud
Internet crime
consists of FBI related scams such as nonpayment/nondelivery of merchandise, extortion etc.
Organized crime
a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit. ex. prostitution
Political crime
illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it
Terrorism
calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective
Criminal justice system
the local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and trade and rehabilitate criminals
Punishment
any actions designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed