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Cell Cycle
The series of phases that a cell goes through from one division to the next, including phases G1, S, G2, and M.
Checkpoints
Control mechanisms in the cell cycle that ensure proper division, specifically during G1, G2, and M phase.
Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK)
An enzyme that, when activated by a cyclin, can phosphorylate target proteins to facilitate cell cycle progression.
G1 to S Checkpoint
The checkpoint where the cell checks for growth factors, nutrients, and DNA integrity before proceeding to DNA synthesis.
Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)
A protein complex that tags proteins for degradation, which is crucial for the transition from metaphase to anaphase.
p53 Protein
A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle and can trigger apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
E2F Transcription Factor
A protein that regulates the transcription of genes required for DNA synthesis and is activated when bound to cyclin-CDK complexes.
Ubiquitin
A small protein that tags other proteins for degradation by the proteasome.
RAS Protein
A GTPase that, when activated, triggers a signaling cascade for cell growth and division.
RTK (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase)
A type of cell surface receptor that, when bound to a growth factor, undergoes autophosphorylation and activates intracellular signaling pathways.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death that eliminates damaged or unneeded cells.
S Phase
The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.
Mitotic Cyclin
A type of cyclin that activates CDK to facilitate the transition from G2 to M phase in the cell cycle.
DNA Polymerase
An enzyme essential for DNA replication that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides.
Cohesin
A protein complex that holds sister chromatids together until they are ready to be separated during anaphase.
Ligase
An enzyme that joins DNA strands together by forming phosphodiester bonds.
Helicase
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork.
Primase
An enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers for DNA replication.
Cohesion
The ability of the sister chromatids to stay together during cell division, maintained by cohesin proteins.
Growth Factors
External signals that stimulate cell division and promote cell growth.
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown
The disassembly of the nuclear envelope that occurs during prophase of mitosis.
Microtubules
Cytoskeletal structures that form the mitotic spindle, important for chromosome separation during cell division.
Proteasome
A complex that degrades unneeded, damaged, or misfolded proteins via a process called proteolysis.
M Phase
The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
RB Protein
A tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle and prevents excessive cell division.
Signal Cascade
A series of biochemical events initiated by a signal (like a growth factor) that leads to a cellular response.
S Cyclin
A cyclin that promotes the transition from G1 to S phase by activating its associated CDK.
