Chapter 21 and 22 Imperialism

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

(usually motivated by a want for another countries natural resources or territory)

The Roots of Imperialism

Backround

• From the Civil War until the 1890s, most American had little intrest in imperialsm because it seemed inconsistent with Americas republican principals (just come out of a war with Britain over imperialism)

• The US did not welcome people with different cultures, languages, and religions.

Why did the US look abroad?

• Americans were urged to imperialize other countries emulating the European model of imperialism (aquire and exploit colonies)

• eat or be eaten ideology

• By the mid 1890s, a shift had taken place in American attitudes toward American expansion.

What did the European powers specifically do that pushed America toward imperialism?

Between 1870 and 1900, the Eurppean powers siezed 10 million square miles of territory in Africa and Asia. About 150 million people were subject to colonial rule.

What other ideas did Americans have other than imperialism?

• Some favaored a less formal empure where US intrests and influence would be ensured through trade and investments.

• Some advocated for cultural expansionism where US exported its ideals and institutions.

What were the 3 G's? (Motivators for Imperialism)

God

Glory

Gold

Ideological and Religious arguments for imperialism

Social Darwinism

(eat or be eaten)

Nordic and Anglosaton groups carried typically carried this mentality

• viewed the competition among nations as a struggle for survival.

• Extreme social darwinsists beleived that their superiority gave Americans the right to rule "inferior people."

John Burgess

Taught that we were destined to impose our political institution on the rest of the world

White mans burden

Came out as a poem and then a cartoon

Became a popular expression that carried with it a duty to aid and uplift other people (aka "inferior people")

Expansionists Tactics

By force

Some endoresed expansion consistent with their ideas of masculinity. (It would hellp to built stength and honor among American males)

Expansionists Tactics

By religion

• Missionaries promoted expansionism and religious groups and increased the number of Protestant foreign mission to spread religion across other countries.

• Women organized and served in missionary societies.

• The missions resembled a cultural conversion because they promoted trade, developed business intrests and encouraged westernization through tech and education.

What had the US run out of?

Many Americans felt crisis because the US had run out of physical space and felt the fronteir experience was over.

What did Reverent Josiah Strong discuss in "Our Country" book

How the US would soon turn into Europe with their "class conflicts and gross inequality"

Why did US want to expand their navy

to protect itself from foreign aggression

What did Alfred Thayer Mahan (a naval strategist) write and what did he argue?

He authored The Influence of Sea Power Upon History.

He argued that national prosperity and power depended on control of the world sea lanes.

"Whoever rules the waves, rules the world" - Mahan

What did the US establish in 1881 due to American desire for sea power?

established a navy board to fund navy.

What did Mahan believe was needed as well as an American navy? Who did he find support from?

The creation of the Panama Canal, annexation of Hawaii and other Pacific islands. He founde support from Presidents and military leaders.

What did Americas aggresive new approach to foreign policy almost cause?

The Us came close to declaring war on Germany, Chile, and Great Britian.

The Spanish American War (fought in Cuba)

Backround: Tarrif of 1894

• The Tarrift of 1894

Put restrication on sugar important to the US, severely hurt the Cuban economy which was then a Spanish colony.

Angry nationalists began a revolt against the Spanish colonial regime.

How did the US respond to the Cuban revolt?

The US, which had many businessmen with investment intrests in Cuba, became concerned and dispatched the USS Main to resure US citizens who might be endangered by the conflict.

What happened on Feb 15, 1898 to USS Maine

• USS Maine blew up and US blamed Spanish mine.

• America was stirred into an anti-spanish frenzy by the yellow journalism of men like Hearst and Pulitzer.

• Pressure mounted and McKinly gave the ok for war.

When did Congress declare war on Spain?

April 25, 1898

3 things US wanted out of war with Spain.

1. Cuba must be free

2. Spain must withdraw from the island

3. President could use armed forces to obtain these ends.

phrase "Splendid little war"

because the war was short, cheap, and few lives were lost.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

What did George Dewey do on May 1st 1898?

He led the American Navy into Manila Bay and destroyed the whole Spanish Asiatic fleet.

What did the US navy do in July 1898

Spank the Spanish fleet in Santiago

Why was the US army not as impressive as the US navy?

War Department was very unorganized and had to recurit and train a large number of volunteers.

Rough Riders and the 10th Negro Cavalry

• Led the US charge and captured San Juan Hill.

• Rough Riders took all the credit.

What date did Spain surrender?

July 17th, 1898

What role did Secretary of State William Seward play in foreign affairs?

He helped by his imperial and aggreevie approach.

• He wanted to open East Asia to American commerce/trade and have American leadership over the Carribbean.

• He anticipated American expansion and purches Alaska from Russia. (For 7.2 million dollars some called it a mistake at the time)

-Approved of the navys occupation of the Midway islands in the Pacific.

• Pushed American trade on to Japan.

• Tried to overtake Carriebean naval bases multiple times.

What role did Secretary of State James Blaine play in foreign affairs and how did Latin American nations reject his ideas?

He wanted to extend American influence in the Pacific.

• He wanted the US to control all canals in Panama. (wanted a route in the Carribean that led to the Pacific ocean)

• He called for a customs union to reduce trade carriers because he wanted Latin American Nations to import manufactured prudcts from the US instead of Europe.

However, Latin Americans didn't feed into this plan and instead supported the established of Pan American Union (bunch of countries together in a union) which helped promote understanding and cooperation around the world.

How did the US affect Hawaii's economy?

At first, Hawaiian sugar was duty free but The Mckinley Tarrif Act of 1890 closed the US market to Hawaiian sugar producers/farmers because it put a high tarrif on their sugar. This severely hurt the Cuban economy which was then a Spanish colony and caused the American planters to push for Hawaii's annexation.

Explain the steps taken by the US to eventually gain control of Hawaii

• After McKinley Tarrif and other factors American planters pushed for annexation.

1. American planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani who wanted to restore Native control over Hawaii.

2. John Stevens, US diplomat, orgered the US marines to aid rebels and declared an American protectorate over the new Hawaiian government.

3. A delegation from the temporary government was sent to DC to draft a treaty for annecation but the new Cleveland administration took office before Senate approval.

4. Even thought Cleveland tried to stop the annexation, the provisional government refused to step down.

Hawaii became an American protectorate till 1959 and then it became an official state.

What was the Venezualen Boundry dispute voer and why was its resolution significant?

• It was intially between GB and Venezula over British New Guiana, Cleveland decided to get involved because he wanted control over Latin American markets and because he was a supporter of Monroe Doctine.

• Richard Olney (Secretary of State) sent a note to Britain demanding arbitration and asserting American control over Western hemisphere.

• Pres Cleveland wanted to create a commision to establish the boundary and considered enforcing the decision with war but Brtain agreed to arbitration.

• The dispute was important bc Venezuela was not consulted even though the US and Britain came to an agreeement which angered Latin America and proves the US's greedy intentions.

Why was Cuba revolting and how did the Spanish react?

• Cuba revolted becuse of repeated Americican attempts to control Cubas economy.

• Jose Marti, a cuban patriot lead a powerful revolt and it was fought using guerilla warefare tactics.

• Cleveland, concerned over the success of American business presence and property in Cuba wanted Spain to end the revolt by adopting reforms.

• Insead, Spanish reacted by putting civilians in "reconstruction camps" where many died from hunger and disease.

Why were Americans so sympathetic to Cuban revels?

• Americans were sympathetic to Cuban rebels because of Spanish brutality and violence towards them and because of yellow press which was a dramaticised style of jounralism that fueled American sympathy.

• Specifically, competition becuse Hearts ("you furnish the picture, ill furnish the war") New York Magazine and Pulitzers New York World magaine fueled sympathy because they both used yellow journalism

• Americans used religion to fuel sympathy and the idea that Cuba is the underdog made Americans root for them.

Name and describe each incident that led to the US's war with Spain

• US and Spain relationship deteriorated bc of how Spain trued to supress Cuban rebels.

• A private letter (the De Lome letter) from a Spanish diplomat was leaked by The NY Journal that insinuated McKinley was a weak leader.

• A few days after the leak, US battleship Maine exploded in Havana harbor, killing 260 men.

• Even though its was later uncovered that the explosion probably wasn't caused by Spain, many Americans including TR beleved it to be Spains fault at the time

• Yellow press ran with it and US pushed for war.

What terms did the US demand Spain to agree to?

• Anxious and not wanting to sacrifice an election, McKinley sent spain an ultimatum.

He demanded:

1. Arbitration in Cuba.

2. An end to reconstruction policy in Cuba.

3. Acceptence of American arbitration.

Why did Mckinley declare war on Spain if they agreed to our terms?

• Even though Spain quickely responded to American demands by making concessions, abolishing reconstruction policy, and agreeing to armistice, McKinley already began making war preperations.

• On April 11th, McKinley sent a war message to Congress. It asked for authroity to use force against Spain and it was accpeted by Congress.

3 main reasons for McKinley to declare war

1. American opinion