Biosignaling- Corso

Endocrine signaling is ___________________.

a. cell to cell

b. inside the cell

c. at a distance

Endocrine signaling is ___________________.

a. cell to cell

b. inside the cell

c. at a distance

c

Paracrine signaling is _______________________.

a. cell to cell

b. inside the cell

c. at a distance

a

Autocrine signaling is ___________________.

a. cell to cell

b. inside the cell

c. at a distance

b

What is an example of a hormone that uses nuclear receptors?

thyroid hormone

What type of receptor do steroid hormones use?

a. nuclear

b. cytoplasm

c. membrane

b

True or False: Polar hormones need a carrier like albumin in the bloodstream.

False

What type of hormones use nuclear and cytoplasmic receptors?

a. polar

b. nonpolar

b

Where do steroid hormones travel to after binding to their receptor in the cytoplasm?

the nucleus

What is the limiting factor of cAMP?

GTP hydrolyzing back to GDP

What are kinases?

enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins on Tyr, Ser, or Thr

Insulin is what kind of hormone (nonpolar/polar) and binds to what kind of receptors?

polar hormone and must bind to membrane receptor

What is the secondary messenger of Insulin?

PIP3

What is the secondary messenger of Glucagon?

cAMP

Epinephrine is released from what organ and why?

adrenal glands—> bc of stress

When Epinephrine binds to a1 receptors what G protein is used, what is the secondary messenger, and what kinase is activated?

• G_q protein

• DAG, and Ca²⁺ are secondary messengers

• PKC is activated

When Epinephrine binds to a2 receptors what G protein is used, what is the secondary messenger, and what kinase is deactivated?

• G_i protein

• cAMP secondary messenger

• PKA is deactivated

When Epinephrine binds to b1, b2, b3 receptors what G protein is used, what is the secondary messenger, and what kinase is activated?

• G_s protein

• cAMP secondary messenger

• PKA is activated

When Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor what G protein is used, what is the secondary messenger, and what kinase is activated?

• G_s protein

• cAMP secondary messenger

• PKA is activated

(hint: same as Epi binding to b receptors)

When Insulin binds to the insulin receptor what G protein is used, what is the secondary messenger, and what kinase is activated?

• monomeric RAS protein

• PIP3

• PKB

Insulin phosphorylates on _____________.

Tyrosine

When Epinephrine binds to a1 receptors what molecule acts as an indirect secondary messenger to activate calcium release from the ER?

IP3

Leptin hormone binds to ______________ receptors.

Jak-Stat