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intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using mathematical scores
general intelligence (g)
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
grit
in psychology, this is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
analytical intelligence
assessed by traditional intelligence tests
creative intelligence
demonstrated by adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas
practical intelligence
required for everyday tasks, manage oneself and others
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
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mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance; thus, a child who as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100, with scores assigned to relative performance above or below average
achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
this is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
standarization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
normal curve
the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores live near the extremes
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
predictive validity
the success with which the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
cohort
a group of people from a given time period
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; formerly referred to as mental retardation)
Down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
