The Middle Ages

Feudalism

The political structure that emerged after the fall of Rome for the purpose of survival

Lord

Someone who owns property known as an estate and a house known as a manor

estate

land someone owns and them and others live on

manor

a fortified house

vassal

Someone who fights for the Lord in exchange for a piece of land on the estate called a fief

fief

A small piece of land a vassal lives on

feudal contract

An official agreement between a lord and a vassal

serf

People who don't have fighting ability and little skill work for the Lord in exchange for protection

knight

A designation given to a trained warrior that fights on horseback

Why did becoming a knight have barriers to entry?

The armor, War Horse, and regular horse were expensive

What are the three feudal elements of unit 2

1. the lord is law

2. the lord does not want to relinquish power

3. kings do not like powerful lords

Code of chivalry

A code of conduct for knights that advocate for the respect of women and fair fighting

What are 6 rules from the code of chivalry?

1. Knights do not attack an unarmed knight

2. Wear the colors of your Lord

3. It is honorable to look out for women

4. Men open door for women

5. Men pull out chairs for women

6. The man walks on the street side

What is 500-1000 known as?

The Dark Ages

Who were the Franks?

Germanic tribe settled in what is now northern France

Who was Clovis and why was he significant

“King of the Franks” and he is significant because he was the first Germanic king to convert to Christianity (circa 500), which gained him support from the pope, and he founded the Merovingian dynasty.

Timeline of Islam

Founded in 622 by Muhammed. From 622-750 it rapidly expands, and eventually it reaches the Iberian Peninsula. Spain is ruled by Muslims from c. 700-1300s.

When was the Battle of Tours

732

What was the Battle of Tours and why was it significant

The Franks, led by Charles Martel, beat the Arabs on the Loire River due to having more cavalry, and this is significant because Christianity remains the dominant religion of Europe.

Who was Pepin the Short?

King of the Franks, son of Charles Martel. He made the Donation of Pepin after fighting the Lombards and ultimately helped create the Papal states.

What was the Donation of Pepin?

The Lombards were approaching the Vatican, which freaked the RCC out. Desiring to be in good standing with the RCC, Pepin the Short offered to fight them off in exchange to be in good standing. He donated the land, and that created the Papal states.

Who was Charlemagne (Charles the Great) and why was he significant?

He was the most powerful ruler in Western Europe between the time period of 500-1000 and was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo the Third in 800, and he was significant because he created a huge Western European empire, he promoted learning and the arts, and he created the Holy Roman Empire.

When was Charlemagne crowned “Emperor of the Romans” and by whom?

800 by Pope Leo the Third

Who was Louis the Pious and why was he significant?

Son of Charlemagne, divided his father’s empire for good through the Treaty of Verdun in 843.

What happened from 800-900s?

Viking, Magyar, and Arab invasions

What are basic church teachings?

We humans sin, which separates us from God, but we are saved by believing in Jesus and go to Heaven

Why is the RCC called that?

Roman because it’s based in Rome, Catholic because of “catholicus” which means universal or only church, and church because it is a gathering of Christians

Western Christendom

The area where Catholic Church has dominion which is Western Europe

Who is the Pope and why is he significant?

The head of the RCC, and he is important because he plays a big role after the fall of Rome, he has both ecclesiastic and secular power, and he can excommunicate and interdict people.

Why does the Pope have ecclesiastic power?

Doctrine of Petrine Supremacy which allows him to keep people from heaven

Why does the Pope have spiritual power?

The Donation of Constantine which allows him to rule the Papal States

What is the church hierarchy from highest to lowest?

Pope, cardinal, archbishop, bishop, priest

How are Popes elected?

By the College of Cardinals

What is excommunication?

A ban from participating in the sacraments and you will die and go to hell

What is an interdict?

A group excommunication

What are the Sacraments and why are they important?

Any church practice administered by an ecclesiastic and if you do 6 of 7 you earn gods grace and go to heaven

What are the benefits of being in the clergy?

No lay taxes or trials

What were the Crusades and why were they significant

A series of religious wars for control of the holy land and they were significant because the later crusades hurt the prestige, reputation, and credibility of the RCC and the crusades were the first contact with people of this culture, which led to trade routes and increased wealth in Western Europe

What happened during the First Crusade

Pope Urban the 2nd called for the first crusade, hundreds of thousands signed up, and The Christians captured Jerusalem and set up four crusader states

What happened during later crusaders?

Thy were a joke and usually ended in loss of territory

Who was Pope Innocent the Third and why was he significant

The most powerful pope and he is significant because he declared the only way to god is through the pope and no king can rule rightly unless he respects the pope, and people start to question this.

What are saints?

role models the church holds up

What are relics?

An object associated with Jesus or a saint that is believed to have the power to pardon you from the penalty of an unconfessed sin

What are indulgences?

A certificate sold by the church that is believed to have the power to pardon you from the penalty of an unconfessed sin

What were monks and nuns and what do they believe in

They practice monasticism, live in monasteries and convents, make vows, many different orders, and practice self denial.

What is monasticism?

The withdrawal from church and society for personal spiritual improvement

What is a friar and why are they significantly?

They are like monks, but go out and try to fix things

What is a Franciscan and why are they significant?

Branch from Saint Francis of Assisi and they founded the first hospitals and founded orphanages

What is a Dominican and why are they significant?

Based on Saint Dominic of Castile And they were associated with inquisition and heresy, but also created schools and promoted education

Who was Arnold of Brescia and why is he significant?

He was a dedicated and beloved parish priest for 42 years in Brescia, Italy who asked for a loan from the pope for his church to build a new roof, and when the Pope never responded and denied him a meeting, he started critiquing the RCC and was burned at the stake in front of his church. The Humiliati told his story.