Biology - Mutations and Gene Regulation pt 1

Vocabulary flashcards covering DNA replication, mutagens, types of mutations, and specific examples of gene regulation based on the lecture notes.

DNA

Contains the genetic instructions needed to build & maintain an organism.

DNA Replication

The process by which DNA must be copied before cell division.

Mutation

An alteration of DNA replication that can occur naturally or be caused by environmental factors called mutagens.

Mutagens

Environmental factors—including radiation (ultraviolet radiation, X-rays) and chemicals (cigarette smoke, pesticides, industrial pollutants)—that can damage DNA or interfere with replication.

Point Mutation

A mutation in which a single nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide (e.g. 1 adenine is replaced by a guanine), causing the resulting protein to be unchanged, altered, or non-functional.

Frameshift Mutation

A mutation in which nucleotides are inserted into or deleted from a DNA sequence.

Gene Regulation: Bacteria/Virus Response

When a bacteria or virus is detected, an enhancer causes an increase in antibody production.

Gene Regulation: Blood Glucose Response

When there is an increase in blood glucose, an enhancer causes an increase in insulin.

Gene Regulation: UV Exposure Response

When exposed to UV, an enhancer causes proteins to be produced to repair DNA.

Gene Regulation: Absence of Lactose

When lactose is not present, a repressor causes less lactase enzyme to be produced.