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what was the main influence on ancient roman artwork?
greek classical style
-ideal proportion
-symmetry
-harmony
-male nudity
what were innovative architectural uses in ancient rome?
-the arch, the vault, and the dome
-allowed architects to create elaborate, complex, and massive designs resulting in grandeur
-the extensive use of concrete usually faced with brick, stone, or marble allowed for strength and durability
what did male nudity symbolize in ancient greece (and therefore ancient rome)?
-it was celebrated and seen as heroic
-set an example for the ideal male body
-used to represent deities and heroes
-if an important male figure was commissioning a statue of himself, they sculptor would give the man an ideal, lean and muscular body, even if he didn’t have one in real life; his face often stayed the same though
when was female nudity an acceptable concept in art?
-during the Imperial period of Rome
-women weren’t fully nude in statues though
-often represented through Venus and other goddesses
what are the 5 architectural orders?
-doric
-ioinic
-corinthian
-tuscan
-composite
what are the three main parts of the column
-the base
-the shaft
-the capital
-entablature elements were atop the columns and also help determine the order of a structure
monolithic
being made of a single piece of stone
superimposed drums
blocks of stone, one on top of the other
flutes
grooves in the shafts of some columns
the entablature
-three horizontal layers, which are all able to be visually separated from each other using bands or moldings
-may be held up and carried from column to column, forming arches
what are the three parts of the entablature?
-cornice (at the top)
-frieze (middle layer)
-architrave (bottom layer touching the columns)
tympanum
triangular decorative wall part of the pediment; it normally contained statues
the doric order columns
-plain, saucer-shaped capital
-NO BASE
-vertical, parallel flutes down the shaft
doric order entablature
-plain architrave
-the frieze consisted of altering triglyphs (three vertical bars) and metopes (a picture)
-plain cornice
doric order entasis
-slight curving of the outlining of the shaft, making it wider in the middle
-corrected the optical illusion that perfectly straight sides appeared concave
doric order column examples:
-the parthenon in Athens
-the lincoln memorial
-the 2nd bank of the United States
ionic order columns
-there are volutes in the capital
-they always have bases
-they have slender shafts with many flutes
-the architrave is divided into 2 or 3 parts, it has a very decorated frieze, and a cornice
examples of ionic order columns
-US treasury building
-the academy of Athens
-the Jefferson Memorial
corinthian order columns
-has a base and a higher number of flutes than ionic and doric columns
-the capital is made of two rows of acanthus leaves, four scrolls, and usually there is a single flower that projects from the leaves
-it has the tallest entablature with a plain architrave, a frieze that is either plain or a panel of continuous ornamentation, and a cornice w increased embellishments
examples of corinthian columns
-US Supreme court building
-the pantheon
-the Rotunda at the University of Virginia
Tuscan Columns
-unfluted shaft
-a simple capital inspired by the doric order
-ifluences by Etruscan architecture and is one of the only wo classical orders developed by the romans
-a simple entablature with no triglyphs or metopes
examples of Tuscan Columns
the columnades at St. Peter’s square
Composite Order Columns
-combines the ionic volutes with the corintian acanthus leaves
-generally there is some ornamentation between the volutes
-these were not found in ancient greece
-they were not ranked as a separate order until the renaissance (it is considered the imperial Roman form of the corinthian order)
example of a composite column
St. John Lateran Cathedral
Vitruvius
-roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BCE
-first architect to have surviving written records
-”Ten Books on Architecture”
-wrote that a structure must exhibit stability, utility, and beauty
Martin V
-1417-1431
-from the Colonna family
-first pope to deal with the Roman revival in monumental and artistic terms
-proclaimed a Jubilee 33 years after the one prior, the number made to represent the age of Jesus when he was crucified
-worked to restore St. John Lateran Cathedral and the Vatican
-brought in Florentine artists such as Brunelleschi and Donatello to help restore Rome
-helped restore the Basilica of San Clemente (and the chapel of St. Catherine within the Basilica)
Sixtus IV
-1471-1484
-from the Della Rovere family
-main goal was to increase the wealth and power of his family and the papal state
-put all of his family in high positions; created the definition/word “nepotism” from the word NEPOTE, which meant nephew
-involved in the Pazzi scheme against Lorenzo de Medici
-built the Ponte Sisto bridge
-connected the Vatican to Castel St. Angelo
-built and organized the Capitoline Museums
-built the first hospital in Rome, Santo Spirito
-enlarged the Vatican palace and built the Vatican Museum
-built the Sistine Chapel
Alexander VI
-1492-1503
-from the Borgia family
-one of the most controversial popes
-borgia became a byword for libertinism and nepotism, which characterized his papcy
-had many mistresses including Vannozza Cattanei and Giulia Farnese
-Vannozza bore him four children which he openly claimed and Giulia gave him one daughter
-added bastions (fortifications to Castel S. Angelo
Julius II
-1502-1513
-from the Della Rovere family; nephew of Sixtus IV
-warrior pope
-established the vatican museums
-initiated the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica
-organized the Swiss guards for personal protection of the popes
-commissioned the Rapheal Rooms and Michelangelo’s frescoes in the Sistine Chapel
Paul III
-from the Farnese family; the sister of Giulia Farnese
-became the pope after the sack of Rome
-convened the Council of Trent in 1545
-major patron of the arts and commissioned the construction of Palazzo Farnese
-had Michelangelo paint The Last Judgment, two frescoes in the Pauline Chapel, and manage the designs for St. Peters Basilica
-the Milvian Bridge
-where Constantine fought Maxentius to gain full control of the Western Enpire
-over the Tiber River in the north of Rome
-the Ponte Sisto
-built by Pope Sixtus IV
-by the city center of Rome over the Tiber River
Masolino da Panicale
-selected by Pope Martin V in 1420 to paint the altarpiece for his family chapel in Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore
-selected by Cardinal Branda da Castiglione for the Chapel of Saint Catherine in the Basilica of San Clemente
-one of the first artists to use perspective in his frescoes
-
-frescoes of the legend of Saint Catherine, the life of Saint Ambrose, and the Crucifixion
-by: Masolino
-when: 1425-1431
-commisioned by: Cardinal Barnda da Castiglione
-where: the Chapel of Saint Catherine in the Basilica of San Clemente
-the entry also depicts the annunciation above the arch and on the left-hand side, there is a portrayal of St. Christopher with Christ on his shoulder
cosmatesque style
-named after the Cosmati family, a multi-generational family of sculptors, architects, and workers of geometric mosaics
-used “opus sectile” which means cut-work
cosmatesque floors in the basilica of San Clemente
cosmatesque floors in the Santa Sanctorum Chapel in the St. John Lateran Palace
Masaccio
-younger colleague of Massolino
-helped/collabed with Massolino on the altarpiece for Martin V, the frescoes in the St. Catherine Chapel and the Branacci Chapel
-approached human form with understanding of perspective and proportion
-he was the first to use linear perspective and vanishing points
Filippo Brunelleschi
-Florentine artist and architect
-master goldmsith and sculptor working with cast bronze
what: the dome of the Duomo of Santa Maria Fiore in Florence
where: Florence
time period: 1420-1436
by: Brunelleschi
donatello
-florentine sculptor
-worked with stone, bronze, wood, clay, and wax
-worked in Rome, Siena, Padua, and Florence
-commissioned by the Church and Cosimo de Medici
-studied with Brunelleschi and worked on the Bronze doors with Ghiberti
-what: David sculpture
*first free-standing nude statue made since antiquity
-by: Donatello
Sandro Botticelli
-from Florence
-apprenticed to Fra Filippo Lippi
what: The Birth of Venus
by: Botticelli
where: Uffizi Galleries in Florence
*naked women were often portrayed through Venus
Michelangelo
-sculptor, painter, architect, and poet
-apprentice of Ghirlandaio, starting at the age of 13
-worked for Lorenzo de Medici and the Papal State
what: Pieta
by: Michelangelo
where: St. Peter’s Basilica
when: towards the end of 1497
commissioned by: the Cardinal and French Ambassador of the Holy See
made of: Carrara marble
-originally made for the Cardinal’s funerary monument
-this is different from other Pietas became Mich portrayed Mary as young and beautiful instead of an older woman
what: the David
by: Michelangelo
where: the Accademia in Florence
commissioned by: the Guild of Wool asked him to complete this previously unfinished project
-this was what solidified Michelangelo’s prominence as a sculptor
-Botticelli and Da Vinci helped decide where to place this statue
what: the Genesis fresco
where: the Sistine Chapel
commissioned by: Julius II
when: 1508-1512
-originally meant to paint a geometric ornamental piece with the 12 apostles around the decor, but Mich proposed the Genesis instead
what: Birth of Adam
by: Michelangelo
where: the Sistine Chapel
-”flaw” with Adam having a belly button
-God and Adam don’t touch to show the separation of God and man
-God’s section anatomically resembles a brain
what: the last Judgement
by: Michelangelo
where: Sistine Chapel
commissioned by: Pope Clement VII
when: 1536-1541
*Michelangelo gave Jesus the face of Apollo
what are other famous works of Michelangelo
-Campidoglio Square
-Palazzo Farnese
-St. Peter’s Basilica
-Porta Pia designs
-Great Hall of the Baths of Diocletian
what inspired Michelangelo
-the Torso of Belvedere and the Laocoon
-he loved the correct muscles displayed in both of these statues
Ghirlandaio
-master fresco painter, perspective and figure drawer, and portraiture
-had the largest workshop in Florence
-trained Michelangelo
-worked on the Sistine Chapel
-did well with contemporary portraits
humanism
putting man at the center of artistic and scholarly studies
classicism
the study of ancient Greeks and Romans
-historians stumbled upon ancient Roman and Greek texts, which lead to a renaissance of iterature
form
the new understanding of how to create a painting and sculpture in a more realistic way
vanishing point
the point in a perspective drawing at which parallel lines receeding from an observer seem to converge
sfumato
-”smokey”
-the blurring of sharp outlines by subtle and gradual blending to give the illusion of three-dimensionality
chiaroscuro
the contrast between light and dark to convey a sense of depth or volume in a two-dimensional form
foreshortening
the artistic effect of shortening or compressing the view of an object that is at an angle to the picture plane to make it look as if it recedes away from the viewer
perspective
exactly reproduces what we see and in proportion; this is because of the line of horizon and vanishing points
-discovered in the early renaissance (1400-1430)
-studied by Brunelleschi, Massolino, and Masaccio
one-point perspective
all receeding lines converge to one vanishing point
