THE BEFORE TIME in the LONG, LONG AGO

How did NA get here? What compelled them to do so?

Asia to Bering Land Bridge during last Ice Age; searching for resources like food + shelter, migrating animal herds

Neolithic Revolution? How did it allow NA to
advance their civilizations? Give ex. of their advancement

: transition frm nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled ag communities; enabled crop cultivation, animal domestication, complex societies; ex: permanent settlements, social hierarchies

Why did Viking colonies fail?

harsh environment → farming difficult, resource scarcity → unstable settlements, conflict w/ indigenous ppl

What developments in Europe allowed for exploration and colonization efforts?

tech (astrolabe, compass, caravel); improved navigation; renaissance curiosity; rise of centralized nation-states/monarchies; desire for trade routes & wealth (mercantilism)

What motives drove the various expeditions of Portugal?

accessing asian spice trade by sailing around Africa; spreading Christianity; acquiring wealth & power

Why were Ferdinand and Isabella so anxious to fund Columbus’ expedition?

Spain completion of reconquista (1492); rivalry w/ Portugal; financial need; expand Christianity

What elements of Spain’s success encouraged other European nations to colonize?

wealth frm gold + silver mines; rapid territory expansion; enhanced dominance in Europe

Identify the Spanish expeditions of Southwest US and their importance.

led by Coronado & Cabrillo → SW + Cali, established Spanish territorial claims across region

Main export from New World to France? How did this influence French relations with the Indians?

Furs (beaver pelts); economic alliances + trade

Why did the English fail to colonize after the Cabot expeditions?

explorers found no immediate treasures; nation faced heavy internal distractions

Why did Henry VIII break from Roman Catholic Church?

Pope Clement VII refused to remove Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon → Henry broke & secured a male heir

What factors made colonization of New World become attractive to the English in the 1570s?

economic hardship + population growth; anti-Catholic rivalry w/ Spain; private bases; search for NW Passage

Why did Sir Humphrey Gilbert support English colonization of the New World?

relieved domestic unemployment; expanded trade routes; NW Passage to Asia

Erik the Red

Norse explorer; made 1st European settlement in Greenland (late 10th century)

Leif the Red

Norse explorer; led early Europe expeditions to North America; landed in so-called Vinland (1000 AD)

Little Optimum

period of mild climate in North Atlantic (950-1250 AD); Viking ag, navigation, expansion

Silk Road

Eurasion trade routes; E Asia w/ Mediterranean

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador; led Aztec overthrown expedition; brought C Mexico under Spanish rule

Jacques Cartier

French explorer; claimed Canada for France by mapping St. Lawrence River (3 expeditions, 1530s + 1540s)

La Salle

French explorer; navigated entirety of Mississippi River; claimed Louisiana for France (1682)

Roanoke Colony

England’s (Sir Walter Raleigh) 1st attempt to make permanent North American settlement (1585-87); “Lost Colony” — settlers disappeared by 1590; “CROATOAN”