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Atoms
Very tiny particles that make up all substances (solids, liquids, and gases) and are constantly moving.
Kinetic Energy
Energy possessed by particles due to their motion; the faster particles move, the more kinetic energy they have.
Potential Energy
Energy stored in the interactions between atoms; greater when atoms are further apart.
Thermal Energy
Sum of the kinetic and potential energy of atoms in a substance.
Temperature
Average kinetic energy of atoms in a substance; higher kinetic energy leads to higher temperature.
Absolute Zero
Lowest possible temperature at 0 Kelvin where atoms have no kinetic energy.
Heat
Movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat naturally flows from a hotter object to a colder one.
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Heat transfer is faster between objects with a significant temperature difference.
Equilibrium
State where heat transfer stops between objects when they reach the same temperature.
