Criminal Justice Policing

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146 Terms

1
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hierarchy of police (highest to lowest)

police chief, assistant chiefs, lieutenants, sergeants, investigators and patrol officers

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time-in-rank system

police usually move up in ranking based on how long they’ve served per rank

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What responsibility is the backbone of the police interacting with the public?

patrol

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order maintenance/peacekeeping

police role of maintaining public order in patrol area

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proactive policing/problem-oriented policing

aggressive policing that tries to stop crimes before they occur

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broken-windows model

controversial model of policing that believes focusing on petty crimes will deter more serious crimes

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procedural justice

policing model of arriving at decisions fairly and treating all citizens with dignity and respect

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investigative function of police

detectives process crime scene, collect evidence, and interrogate suspects

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specific focus investigation

gathering information from scene of the crime

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general coverage investigation

conducting interviews with family, friends, witnesses, etc to gather information

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informative data gathering investigation

gathering information from bank statements, social media, emails, etc

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vice squad

investigative units specialized in morality-based crime, such as prostitution

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sting operations

deceiving criminals into openly committing illegal acts with plain clothes officers

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community-oriented policing

policing model designed to bring police and the community together to create a more cooperative environment that encourages information sharing

15
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displacement

criminals move from one hot spot currently being targeted by police to a less surveilled area

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examples of hot spots

motels, bars, malls

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Displacement can’t be solved by _______ model of policing.

broken-windows

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intelligence-led policing

model of policing that emphasizes information sharing, collaboration, and strategic solutions to solve crime

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2 types of intelligence

tactical and strategic

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tactical intelligence

gaining information to stop a crime from occurring and apprehending offenders

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strategic intelligence

provides information to decision makers about certain problems or threats to develop strategies, though does not usually have enough information to make an arrest

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Tactical intelligence is for ____ term use while strategic intelligence is for _____ term use.

short; long

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fusion centers

centralized databases that store information for law enforcement nationwide

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functions of fusion centers

provide support for law enforcement activities, help for major incident operations, tiplines, inform law enforcement decisions

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National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)

formal initiative that shows departments and and why information should be shared with each other

26
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evidence-based policing

uses scientific method to evaluate effectiveness of police programs but often time-consuming

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support functions of policing

payroll, communication, budgeting, internal affairs, dispatching, etc

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internal affairs

investigates police misconduct within their department

29
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field training

allows newly sworn-in officers to respond to valid 911 calls and get hands-on experience

30
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methods to increase police efficiency

consolidation, informal arrangements, sharing sources across districts/departments, using civilian employees, multiple tasking

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consolidation

combining small departments to expand resources over previously fragmented jurisdictions

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informal arrangements

unwritten cooperatives between localities to perform collective tasks that mutually benefit each other

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multiple tasking

training cops in multiple skills so that they are able to provide several services

34
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police brutality

actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force unnecessarily, harassment, etc

35
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corruption

exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals

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2 types of corrupt officers

meat eaters and grass eaters

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meat eaters

aggressively misuse power for personal gain by demanding bribes, threatening legal action, or cooperating with criminals

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grass eaters

accepting payoffs, though not necessarily doing it for personal gain

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internal corruption

corruption that takes place among officers/within a department

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selective enforcement/non-enforcement

abusing discretion by picking and choosing when to enforce law

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active criminality

corruption through involvement in serious criminal activity

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bribery/extortion

exploits others to receive money

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possible causes of corruption

police personality, moral ambivalence, institutional practices, corrupt departments

44
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How has the demographic makeup of enforcement changed over the years?

used to be predominately white, high-school educated males and now increasingly minority, female, college-educated

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double marginality

Black officers have to deal with expectations from Black community of going softer on them because they’re Black while handling racist stereotyping from white officers

46
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“blue curtain”

subculture among cops of being insular, cynical, and believing that they are always in danger

47
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4 types of police personalities

crime fighter, social agent, law enforcer, watchman

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crime fighter

see themselves as the “thin blue line” between polite society and criminals

49
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social agent

values community problem-solving instead of catching criminals

50
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law enforcer

follows law strictly by the book

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watchman

emphasizes maintaining public order and only takes action if public order is disturbed

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The power of _____ is the most dangerous responsibility for cops.

discretion

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low-visibility making

decisions made by cops on a daily basis are not reviewed immediately by a department administrator or legal review

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factors that influence discretion

crime levels, victim factors, environment, overload hypothesis, peer effects, officer personality, race

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overload hypothesis

if there’s a high amount of serious offenses occurring, police won’t pay as much attention to petty crimes

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racial-profiling

race influencing police discretion

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deadly force

force that is likely to cause death or bodily harm

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7 patterns related to police shootings

local and national violence levels, exposure to violence, workload, social conflict, administrative policies, race of victim

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non-deadly/less lethal force

force that is not likely but can unintentionally cause death

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examples of less lethal force

handcuffs, pepper spray, taser, beanbag bullets

61
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CopLink

law enforcement search engine that helps with comparing information on crime level across jurisdiction

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CompStat

police management system created by the NYPD that reviews trends in crime data

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search

when a government actor infringes on person’s reasonable expectation of privacy

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search warrant

legal document that puts reason for search on record for evidence

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Search warrants must be issued upon ________ ______.

probable cause

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arrest warrant

used to seize/arrest someone as issued by a judge

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conditions that need to be met for an arrest to take place

suspect has committed a crime, sufficient legal evidence or probable cause, cop takes person into custody, suspect believes they cannot voluntarily leave

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conditions for a warrant to be released

probable cause, signed off by neutral and detached magistrate, particularity

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rules for serving search warrant

knock and announce requirement, keep property damage to a minimum, use of appropriate force, follow time restraints, limit scope and manner of search, cannot invite media to search

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knock and announce requirement

officers must announce presence before entering property

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no-knock warrant

controversial rule that allows officers to not announce presence if they believe doing so will harm them

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“shocks the conscience”

rule that property damage cannot be excessive and shock the conscience of the property owner

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circumstances that don’t require a warrant for search

exigent circumstances, stop and frisk, searching after arrest, automobile searches, consent searches, plain view doctrine

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stop-and-frisk

two separate acts that stop someone and then pat down to ensure suspect isn’t a threat to the officer

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pretext stop

officers don’t have enough evidence for a warrant but have probable cause to pull someone over through legitimate means

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plain view doctrine

officer can seize and search someone if they see illegal contraband out in the open

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hot pursuit

urgent and direct pursuit of criminal suspect by police that doesn’t require a search warrant

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requirements for hot pursuit

probable cause, reason to believe immediate apprehension is necessary, conducted from lawful vantage point, crime must be a felony

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electronic surveillance

use of electrical or digital devices that allow monitoring of suspect

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Title III

regulates warrants for wiretapping

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Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

requires court approval of real-time eavesdropping on electronic devices, including the Internet

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Patriot Act’s Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)

authorizes wiretapping of any alien the government believes is part of a foreign terrorist group or power without a warrant

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In order to get approval for Title III, police must meet the ______ ___ ________ using traditional methods of information gathering.

level of exhaustion

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GPS devices don’t require _________ but do require probable cause for a ___________.

Title III; search warrant

85
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When do police have to read Miranda Rights?

before interrogation

86
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pretrial identification

when accused is arrested, they go through booking process that gathers their physical health information, name, date of birth, etc

87
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lineup

places suspect in a group for the purpose of being viewed and identified by a witness

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photo lineup

suspects’ photos are compared in a group for identification

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show-up

witness views suspects one at a time, usually at the scene of the crime

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Neil v Biggers

created criteria for police to consider validity of witness identifying suspect, such as attention, accuracy, and level of certainty

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exclusionary rule

excludes evidence illegally obtained by police to present at trial

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3 major exceptions to exclusionary rule

independent source, good faith, inevitable discovery

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independent source exception

evidence discovered wholly independent of any constitutional violation

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good faith exception

allows seizure even if warrant has errors because it was signed by a neutral magistrate and enforced by police with good intentions

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inevitable discovery

evidence obtained without warrant can be used if there’s a high possibility that investigation would have lead to the evidence anyway

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Do flyovers require warrants?

no

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beats

designated police patrol areas

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Uniformed patrol officers account for about ____ or more of a department’s personnel.

2/3

99
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Kansas City study

influenced the way police experts viewed the effectiveness of patrol by arguing that patrol techniques had little effect on crime patterns and citizen’s attitudes toward police

100
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three main points of broken-windows theory

neighborhood disorder creates fear, neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals, and police need to aggressively target low-level crimes