Review of Skeletal, Genetic, and Urinary Systems

Flashcards reviewing key concepts from the lecture notes, designed to help with exam preparation.

What type of bone fracture is characterized by the bone breaking into several pieces?

Comminuted fracture

What is a Greenstick fracture?

An incomplete fracture where the bone is bent, common in children.

What are common signs and symptoms of a bone fracture?

Pain, warmth, redness, swelling, impaired sensation, muscle spasms, deformity, impaired mobility

What is a life-threatening complication associated with long bone or pelvic fractures?

Fat Embolism

What is the difference between primary and secondary bone healing?

Primary healing involves surgical fixation without callus formation; secondary healing occurs when congenital or surgical malformation happens.

What is a strain?

Tearing or stretching of a tendon or muscle.

What is a sprain?

Tear or injury to a ligament that supports a joint.

What is an avulsion?

Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site.

How long can it take for joint stability to return after a muscle strain?

Up to 3 months.

What is compartment syndrome and what are its potential consequences?

Increased pressure in a muscle compartment leading to ischemia, edema, muscle infarction, and neural injury.

List the 6 P's of compartment syndrome.

Pain, Pallor, Paralysis, Poikilothermia, Pulselessness, Paresthesia

What is osteoporosis?

A condition where bones are poorly mineralized, leading to increased fracture risk.

What are common signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?

Loss of bone mass, pathological fractures, pain, deformities (kyphosis).

List three risk factors for osteoporosis.

Vitamin deficiencies, age, being female, family history, smoking, thin build, lack of weight-bearing exercise.

What is Osteomyelitis?

Infection in the bone, commonly caused by Staph aureus.

What are common pathogens that may cause osteomyelitis?

Staph aureus, fungi, parasites, viruses.

What are common signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis?

Anorexia, weight loss, pain, fever, malaise.

Which area of the body is connective tissue damaged in Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Synovial Membrane

What are common signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Pain and inflammation accompanied by fever, fatigue, weight loss, and achy stiffness of the joints.

How does Osteoarthritis occur?

Cartilage is worn away from overuse.

What are common signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Inflammation, damage to cartilage, generalized thickening of the joint or capsule, new bone formation causing stiffening.

What is Ankylosing spondylitis?

An inflammatory disease of the spine or sacroiliac joints, leading to stiffening and fusion of spinal joints.

What genetic factor is associated with ankylosing spondylitis?

HLA antigen

What are the general symptoms of Ankylosing spondylitis?

Pain, starts in 20s then progressively worse over time Low back pain at rest, stiffness pain and restrictive motion

Define hemochromatosis and its possible affects.

Too much iron from food, stored in the liver, heart, and pancreas. Affects related to liver heart problems

How is Hemochromatosis treated?

Removing blood from the body (therapeutic phlebotomy)

Define PKU (phenylketonuria) and its effects.

Caused by increased levels of phenylalanine protein building block. Can cause intellectual disability common in infants

What are the symptoms associated with PKU (phenylketonuria)?

Musty odor of breath skin urine, neurological issues, skin rashes, small head size, behavioral emotional and social problems, and mental health disorders

What bleeding disorder is similar to

The Royal Family's shit

What is Hemophilia?

Bleeding disorder where blood doesn’t clot properly.

What are some of the symptoms of Hemophilia?

Hematoma, bleeding everywhere, bleeding of the joints, bleeding in head and brain seizures and paralysis and death

What is Sickle Cell Anemia?

Red blood cells are misshapen and can't carry O2, blocks blood flow leading to pain, swelling, and anemia.

What is Huntington’s disease?

Damages certain areas of the brain, leading to difficulty concentrating, memory loss, depression, change in behavior etc.

What occurs during Klinefelter’s syndrome?

Males have an extra X chromosome causing taller stature, small testes, and low body hair.

What occurs during Turner syndrome?

A female born with only 1 X chromosome

What are some of the symptoms of Turner's syndrome?

Wide or weblike neck Low-set ears, Broad chest with widely spaced nipples High, narrow roof of the mouth, Arms that turn outward at the elbows

What is AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE?

The parent carries one copy of the genee.

What is nephrolithiasis

Kidney stones, crystals and proteins settle out in urinary tract

How doe one acquire UTI?

Inflammation of urinary tissue

Define ARF acute kidney injury

Decrease in glomariary filtration, accumulation of waste products

List stages of CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE:

Normal (GFR >90 mL/min), Mild (GFR 60-89 mL/min), Moderate (GFR 30-59 mL/min), Severe (GFR 15-29 mL/min), End stage (GFR less than 15)

What occurs if you have BPH?

Prostate enlarged and hypertrophy, s/s urinary frequency, nocturia

How is prostate cancer detected?

Rectal exam and PSA lab levels