Congenital Abnormalities

What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.

What is the effect of PDA on blood flow?

Causes a left-to-right shunt, potentially leading to congestive heart failure.

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A fetal vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

What is pulmonic stenosis?

A congenital heart defect causing obstruction to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

What is the effect of pulmonic stenosis on the right ventricle?

Causes thickening and enlargement due to increased pressure.

What are common signs of pulmonic stenosis?

Exercise intolerance and signs of right-sided heart failure.

What is aortic stenosis?

A congenital heart defect causing narrowing of structures associated with the aorta.

What is the effect of aortic stenosis on the left ventricle?

Causes thickening and potential arrhythmias.

What are common signs of aortic stenosis?

Fainting and signs of left-sided heart failure.

What is persistent right aortic arch?

A congenital anomaly where the aortic arch persists on the right side.

What is the effect of persistent right aortic arch?

Causes compression of the esophagus leading to regurgitation.

What are common signs of persistent right aortic arch?

Regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia.

What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

An opening between the left and right ventricles.

What is the effect of VSD on blood circulation?

Causes shunting of blood from left to right ventricle.

What are common signs of VSD?

Congestive heart failure and a heart murmur.

What is an atrial septal defect (ASD)?

An opening between the right and left atria.

What is the effect of ASD on blood circulation?

Causes shunting of blood from left to right atrium.

What are common signs of ASD?

Right-sided heart failure and a heart murmur.

What is tetralogy of Fallot?

A congenital heart defect involving four components: pulmonic stenosis, VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta.

What are common signs of tetralogy of Fallot?

Cyanosis, exercise intolerance, and a heart murmur.

What is a hernia?

The protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.

What are common types of hernias in animals?

Umbilical and diaphragmatic hernias.

What are common signs of hernias?

Varying from none to severe, depending on the herniated tissue.

What is a cleft palate?

A congenital defect in the roof of the mouth.

What are common signs of oral clefts?

Difficulty feeding and breathing.