NYSTCE Early Childhood + Childhood ELA

Style

The adaptation of language in writing to meet the author’s purpose or audience

Syntactic

How sounds are represented in a text and arranged to create meaning

Frustration Level

Which Reading Level?

Word Recognition Percentage: 90% or less

Comprehension Percentage: 50% or less

Instructional Level

Which Reading Level?

Word Identification: 95%

Comprehension Percentage: 75%

Independent Level

Which Reading Level?

Word Identification: 99%

Comprehension Percentage: 90%

How to teach Alphabetic Principle

Introduce highest utility letter-sound relationships first, teach in isolation, explicitly, practice daily

Analogizing

Recognizing the patterns of letters in words that share phonological and orthographical similarties

Morpheme

Smallest unit of language that possesses semantic meaning ex: Kind-ly

Affixes

-ness, -s, -ed

Prefix

-pre, -di

denotative

the words literal meaning

Types of Context clues

• Examples

• Definitions

• Descriptive Words

• Opposites

Expository Writing

Each paragraph explains one idea or part of an idea and its’ relevance

Persuasive writing

Uses paragraphs for different purposes to organize parts of an argument

Persuasive techniques

• Appeal using reason

• Appeal using emotions

• Appeal to character, morality or ethics

Questions to identify view or purpose

1. With what main point does the author want to persuade readers to agree

2. Effects of word choice

3. How do examples and facts affect readers

4. What does the author want to accomplish

Appendix

Info not present in the book

Pictograph

Uses pics or symbols to show data

Credible texts

Knowledgable, objective and unbiased texts

Fables

Folktales that contain talking animals and discusses morals

Fairy Tales

Folktales that focus on good over evil and are farfetched

Man vs Nature

Man vs Self

Man vs Society

Man vs Man

Four Types of Conflict

Rising Action

Known as the inciting incident, ends with the climax

Falling action

Shows the results of the climax

Third person omniscent

Narrator is not a character, tells the story of all characters

Syntax

Contributes to the readers understanding of the text, mood and tone

Mood

A story’s atmosphere or the feelings a reader gets from reading it

tone

the emotional and attitudes that writer expresses

Characterization

Shows a character’s personality, Ex: dynamic vs static, two-dimensional

Verbal Irony

Uses words opposite to the meaning ex: sarcasm

Dramatic Irony

The audience knows more than the characters

Situational Irony

What happens contrasts to what is believed to happen

Idiom

ex: “Break a leg”, “call it a day”

Types of Colonial stories

Poems, reference religious ideas, speeches

Cause and Effect

Type of text: Persuades audiences by showing relationships

Problem-solution

Type of text: Persuades a need for change

Compare-Contrast

Type of text: Spatial, chronological

Nouns

Cat, bike, girl

Are Common nouns capitalized?

No

Proper Nouns

Los Angeles, Earth, Lincoln

General Nouns

names of conditions or ideas, beauty, peace, truth

Specific nouns

things understood by using your senses; town, rainbow, friend

Pronouns

She, he, it, they, what, this, each

Verb

Indicates action or being i.e. talk, walk, blue

Walked, Walk, Will Walk

Put the word walk into past (1), present (2) and future tense (3)

The 3 Moods

Indicative, imperative, subjunctive

Indicative

Mood used for facts, opintions, and questions ex: You can do this!, Do you know that you can do this?

Imperative

Mood used for orders and requests ex: You are going to do this, Will you do this for me?

Subjunctive

Mood for wishes and statements that go against fact ex: I wish that I were famous, If I were you, I would…

Adjective

Modifies a noun or pronoun and answers a question, which one?, how many

Articles

Adjectives that define nouns as definite or indefinite i.e. An, the, a

Adverb

Modifies a verb, adjective or adverb; answers the question when, why and how

Preposition

Comes before a noun or pronoun ex: in, around, under

Conjunction

Joins words, phrases or clauses

Coordinating Conjunctions

Type of conjunctions that connects equal parts, ex: and, but, yet, or, nor

Correlative conjunctions

Type of conjunction, shows connection ex: either…or, neither… nor, but also

Subordinating conjuctions

Type of conjunction, shows words of exclamation, ex: Oh, wow, please

Predicate

The part of the sentence that explains of describes the subject, includes the verb or verb phrase

Identify the predicate in the sentence

Niall and Harry sing on Tuesday nights at the dance hall.

What type of pronouns are singular?

Indefinite pronouns ex: either, neither, anybody

Complement

A noun, pronoun, or adjective that tells more about the subject or object ex: She is My teacher

Direct Object

A noun or pronoun that tells who or what receives the action of the verb ex: I took the blanket.

Indirect Object

A noun or pronoun that indicates whom or what the action has influence on ex: We taught the old dog a new trick.

Independent Clause

Type of clause that contains a complete thought

Prepositional Phrase

Functions as an adjective or an adverb and adds detail

Appositive

A word or phrase used to explain or rename pronouns ex: Terriers, hunters at heart, have been trained to look like lap dogs.

Four Sentence Types

Declarative, Imperativem Interrogative, Exclamatory

Declarative Sentence

Type of sentence, states a fact, ends with a period ex: the football game starts at 7 o’clock.

Imperative Sentence

Type of sentence, tells someone to do something ex: Don’t forget to buy your ticket.

Interrogative Sentence

Type of sentence, asks a question

Exclamatory Sentence

Type of sentence, shows strong emotion

Types of sentence structures

Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex

Simple sentence

Sentence structure: one independent, no dependent clause

Compound sentence

Sentence structure: 2 or more independent clauses with no dependent clause

Complex sentence

Sentence structure: 1 Independent clause, 1 dependent clause

Compound-Complex

Sentence structure: 2 or more independent clauses, 1 or more dependant clauseTh

Which is used for comparisons? Ex: Susie likes grapes more (than or then) candy

Than

Literacy

The ability to read, write and comprehend texts

Phonological awareness, decoding, vocabulary, comprehnsion

Subsets of reading literacy

Phonological awareness

The ability to perceive sound structures in spoken word (syllables, phonemes within syllables, onset, rime, developed before letter-sound correspondance

Phonemes

Sounds represented by letters in the alphabet

Ways to practice phonological awareness

Songs, reading poems, name game, Heggerty

Phonics

The process of learning to read by learning now spoken language is represented by letters

Reading phonetically

Sounding out phonemes in words then blending to produce sounds

Ways teachers promote language development

• Modelling vocabulary

• Questions and examples

• Promoting conversations

• Providing feedback

• Asking for clarification

• Giving response time

Before