Social Studies 7th Fall Exam

Messiah

In Judaism, a new leader who would appear among the Jews and restore the greatness of ancient Israel

Constantine

The first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and remove bans on Christianity

John the Baptist

A prophet who preached the coming of the Messiah

Disciple

Follower of Jesus

Jesus of Nazareth

Founder of Christianity who taught kindness and love for God

Martyr

People who suffer death for their religious beliefs

Pope

Bishop of Rome

Paul

Early Christian leader who spread Jesus' teachings

Augustine of Hippo

Early Christian philosopher also known as Saint Augustine

Bishop

A leader in the Christian Church

Eucharist

A ceremony of the Christian Church

Persecution

Punishing a group of people because of beliefs or differences

Crucifixion

A type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross

Resurrection

Christian belief that Jesus rose from the dead

Christianity

A religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

Monotheism

The belief in one God

Who was Jesus of Nazareth?

Founder of Christianity who taught love and kindness

Who was John the Baptist?

A prophet who prepared the way for Jesus

How did Roman and Jewish religions differ?

Romans tolerated many religions; Jews worshiped one God

Why did Judaism lead to Christianity?

Christianity grew out of Jewish beliefs

What were the crucifixion and resurrection?

Jesus' death on the cross and rising from the dead

Why did Christianity appeal to Romans?

It offered hope and eternal life

Why did Christianity spread despite persecution?

People continued spreading the message (it was true)

Carpathians

Rugged mountains in Eastern Europe

Balkan Peninsula

Large peninsula in southeastern Europe

Volga

Longest river in Europe

Ural Mountains

Mountain range in Russia

Byzantium

Eastern Roman Empire

Theodora

Wife of Justinian who helped rule

Mosaic

Art made from small pieces of stone

Justinian

Byzantine emperor who created Justinian's Code

Where did most Russians live and why?

In the steppe because the tundra was too cold

Who were the Rus?

Scandinavian people who formed early Russia

Who was Justinian?

Emperor who expanded the empire and organized laws into Justinians code and also built churches

Who was Theodora?

Justinian's wife who helped rule. Helped end riots

How did Byzantine emperors differ from western kings?

They controlled church and government

What is the Hagia Sophia?

Large domed Byzantine church

Why was the Roman Empire divided?

To make it easier to rule

Why was Constantinople important?

It was a major trade center

Caravan

Group of traders traveling together

Caliph

Leader of the Muslim community

Jihad

Struggle to follow God's will

Souk

Marketplace

Oasis

Fertile desert area

Islam

Religion based on Muhammad's teachings

Muhammad

Founder of Islam

Qur'an

Holy book of Islam

Shrine

Place of worship

Mosque

Muslim place of prayer

Sunnah

Writings about Muhammad's life

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Muslim

Follower of Islam

Five Pillars of Islam

Five religious duties of Muslims

What were two ways of life in Arabia?

Nomadic and sedentary

What is the Qur'an?

The holy book of Islam

What are the Five Pillars?

Core duties of Muslims

How did Muhammad receive God's word?

Through an angel

Animism

Belief that nature has spirits

Bantu Migration

Migration of people across Africa

Griot

West African storyteller

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali who promoted Islam

Proverbs

Short sayings of wisdom

Rain forest

Dense wet forest

Sub-Saharan

South of the Sahara Desert

Sundiata

Founder of the Mali Empire

Sunni Ali

Ruler of Songhai Empire

Sahel

Region between desert and grassland

Savanna

Grassland with scattered trees

Silent barter

Trading without speaking

Sahara

Largest desert in the world

Great Zimbabwe

Bantu kingdom with no written records

Kente

Colorful woven cloth

Rift

Long deep valley

Kinship system

Social organization based on family

What climates make up West Africa?

Sahara, Sahel, Savanna, Rain forest

What rivers are in Africa?

Niger, Congo, Zambezi

What goods were traded?

Gold, salt, iron

Why did Ghana decline?

War, overgrazing, rebellion

Why was the Niger River important?

It supported trade and farming

What religion did Mali and Songhai follow?

Islam

Why did the Bantu migrate?

Climate change and population growth

What was Africa's Christian kingdom?

Ethiopia

Bureaucracy

Government run by officials

Celadon

Green Chinese ceramic glaze

Compass

Navigation tool

Empress Wu

Tang dynasty ruler

Genghis Khan

Mongol leader

Gunpowder

Explosive powder

Isolationism

Avoiding foreign contact

Kublai Khan

Founder of Yuan Dynasty

Porcelain

Fine Chinese pottery

Scholar-official

Educated government worker

Trung Sisters

Vietnamese heroes

Zheng He

Ming dynasty admiral

What did the Song Dynasty invent?

Porcelain, paper money, movable type

What is Buddhism?

Religion focused on ending suffering

What was the Period of Disunion?

Time of war after Han dynasty

What was the civil service exam?

Test for government officials

What is the Great Wall?

Wall built to protect China

What is Confucianism?

Philosophy of order and respect