apush - period 2 review

1607-1754

indentured servants

labourers, often poor → unpaid for fixed number of years, then set free

headright system

virginia system: promoted settlement by granting 50 acres of land to those who paid for their own passage

bacon’s rebellion

nathaniel bacon (impoverished farmer) led rebellion against governor william berkeley due to not protecting farmers from native attacks, burned down villages, raided native villages → decreased indentured servitude

royal african company

english trading company established to trade in west africa → opened up transatlantic trade

middle passage

section of the triangular trade from africa → americas

slave codes

laws put in place to limit resistance by enslaved people + keep their offspring enslaved (chattel slavery)

jeremiad

long literary work where the author laments society, used in puritan evangelical sermons by Jonathan Edwards

halfway covenant

a way to maintain puritan church membership by allowing partial membership, since the conversion required to become a full member wasn’t happening enough

salem witch trials

series of hearings/prosecutions in massachusetts where people were accused of witchcraft → 20 guilty, 19 hanged

liesler’s rebellion

uprising in ny → merchant jacob liesler took control of southern ny, ruled it for a while

paxton boys

mob of settlers → murdered 20 conestoga in PA

regulator movement

uprising in NC, people unhappy w/ govt

new york slave revolt

uprising of 23 black slaves in NY → killed 9 whites

stono rebellion

south carolina slave revolt → 25 colonists + 35 slaves killed

triangular trade

3 legged trade, manufactured goods → africa, slaves → NA, raw materials → EU

molasses act

imposed tax on molasses, sugar + rum imported from countries other than britain

Great awakening

series of religious revivals → reinstated faith in religion, preaching to convert “you’ll to go hell if you don’t get salvation”

arminianism

god’s power has no limitations, response to calvinism

calvinism

predestination + depravity, limited atonement, god’s sovereignty

old lights

those who didn’t support the awakening (keep the old system)

new lights

people who supported the great awakening

poor richard’s almanac

book by ben franklin → provided info to common people (franklin under the pseudonym of richard saunders)

zenger trial

zenger wrote bad things abt NY governor → lawyer argued writing the truth, acquitted

Acquit

to be found not guilty

cecil calvert

lord baltimore → first proprietor of maryland

act of tolerance

all non-conformists except catholics had freedom of worship

lord baltimore

cecil calvert, first proprietor of maryland

roger williams

puritan minister, believed in “liberty of conscience” (freedom of belief/interpretation) → banished by puritans, founded providence

providence

roger williams settlement (RI), religious freedom

anne hutchinson

massachusetts bay puritan minister, believed faith → ticket to heaven, not deeds, banished + established portsmouth, RI

quakers

peaceful christian sect, members of he religious society of friends - believed in gender equality, nonviolence, not serving in military → jailed + persecuted

william penn

quaker convert, dad was an admiral, received land grant to build colony

holy experiment

penn’s colony (safe space/religious refuge for all quakers/persecuted), enacted liberal ideas, made frame of govt + written constitution, didn’t cheat natives for land

charter of liberties

act passed by ny general assembly to lay out political organization → established representative assemblies

john cabot

italian navigator, commissioned by english king henry vii → explored NA coast

jamestown

first british colony, located in VA → bad location, disease, settlers unwilling to work, political strife - over half perished in first winter

captain john smith

english soldier, explorer, colonial govt, crucial role in establishment of jamestown colony

john rolfe

english explorer, farmer, merchant, pocahontas’ husband → cultivated tobacco for export, helped jamestown colony survive

puritans

english protestants → believed reforms of church of england insufficient, “purify” system from within

seperatists

group that wanted to seperate from established church (mayflower pilgrims)

pilgrims

english settlers who travelled to NA on the mayflower → established plymouth colony

mayflower

english sailing ship, brought english families (pilgrims) to the new world

plymouth coloy

(first pemanent english colony in new england, third permanent colony in NA) colony settled by the pilgrims from the mayflower

john winthrop

english puritan laywer → leading founder in founding MA bay, served as governor, “City on a hill” philosophy

great migration

movement of 20k puritans from england → new world

thomas hooker

minister, founded connecticut after dissenting w/ puritan leaders in massachusetts bay

john davenport

clergyman, co-founded new haven, connecticut

james oglethorpe

founded georgia

wampanoags

tribe in which metacom was chief, lived in MA area

metacom

chief of the wampanoag people, died in king phillip’s war

king phillip’s war

conflict between indigenous wampanoag tribe and new england colonies over land encroachment → killed metacom, decimated wampanoag tribe

mayflower compact

governing document of plymouth, written by pilgrims onboard mayflower → bound them to legal/govt system

virginia’s house of burgesses

VA’s rep assembly, first in 13 colonies → legislative body of the colony of virginia

Sir William Berkeley

colonial governor of VA, implemented policies that led to bacon’s rebellion + colonial dissent

Fundamental orders of connecticut

stated powers → limited government, early constitution

New england confederation

alliance of massachusetts bay, plymouth, saybrook, new haven → defeat wampanoags together

Frame of government

proto-constitution for pennsylvania, helped develop american + world democracy

Corporate colonies

funded/run by corporate bodies/companies

Proprietary Colonies

a type of settlement where people liked by the monarchy got land to settle, supervise + develop in the new world

royal colonies

colony ruled by officials appointed by the monarchy/rulers of the parent colonies

joint stock company

short-term partnerships between multiple investors → funded commerical enterprise such as colonization

chesapeake colonies

colonies in chesapeake bay (virginia, maryland)

virginia company

english trading company, created colony of virginia

mercantilism

economic policy → maximise exports, minimize imports, create favorable balance of trades (colonies exist to benefit nation)

navigation acts

laws imposing restrictions on colonial trade (only trade w/ british, taxes, cheap prices, english ships)

dominion of new england

administrative union of new england/middle colonies except delaware + PA, created to stop growing colonial independence

sir edmund andros

english colonial administrator → created dominion of new england, not well-liked

glorious revolution

events that led to exile of king james II + transfer of power to william and mary

benjamin west

american artist, painted treaty of paris, death of nelson, death of general woolfe + ben franklin drawing electricity from the sky

john copley

colonial painter from masachusetts

benjamin franklin

american writer/scientist/inventor/diplomat/political philosopher → poor richard’s almanac, founding father

phillis wheatley

first african american author of published poetry

john bartram

pennsylvanian botanist, hybridized flowering plants

jonathan edwards

revivalist preacher, philosopher → started great awakening

george whitefield

anglican minister/preacher, founded methodism → popular preacher during great awakening

andrew hamilton

defender zenger in zenger trial → not wrong if truthful, freedom of press victory

cotton mather

influential puritan minister, involved in salem witch trials

the enlightenment

intellectual movement to understand world/god/humanity through reason

town hall meetings

used to preserve local autonomy, self government, over issues like religious freedom/tax laws

limited democracy

only male landowners could vote