1 - Bacterial Structure, Classification, Growth, and Survival

1. F; Other way around

2. T

3. F; Eukaryoes

4. T

5. T

MTF: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

1. Prokaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus while Eukaryotes lack it

2. Eukaryotes are generally larger than prokaryotes

3. The plasma membrane of prokaryotes have steroids

4. Complex cell wall structures are found in prokaryotes

5. The chromosome of prokaryotes is not considered a true chromosome

Viruses

These are the smallest microorganisms that lack the ability to self-replicate that can either have a DNA or RNA genome with a protein coat

Tropism

This trait of viruses is responsible for the clinical manifestation they produce in their host

Viroids

These are infectious particles smaller than any of the known viruses and consists of extremely small circular RNA and lack a protein coat

Prion

These are proteinaceous particles that induce disease when conformational change occurs in the protein structure

F

T/F: The disease-causing isoforms of prions have more alpha-helix structures than beta-sheet structures

Protozoa

These are single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes that are parasitic

Flagellates

These are protozoa that use whip-like appendages for locomotion

Ciliates

These are protozoa that use hair-like appendages for locomotion

Amoeba

These are protozoa that use cytoplasmic extensions or pseudopods to migrate from one host to another

Algae

These are microbial eukaryotes under protists that is dedicated only to photosynthetic microorganisms

F; Some algae lack it

T/F: All algae have chlorophyll

Dinoplagellates

These are unicellular algae that cause algal bloom (Red tide)

Plasmodia

Slime molds are characterized by the presence of an ameboid multinucleate mass of cytoplasm called?

Coenocytic

This is used to describe organisms made up of a multinucleate continuous mass of cytoplasm

Fungi

These are non-photosynthetic protists that grow as a mass of branching interlacing filaments

Yeast and Molds/Myeclia

2 forms of fungi

T

T/F: Clinically relevant fungi are dimorphic

Polyhydroxybutyrate and Glycogen

These inclusions of prokaryotes contains excess carbohydrates

Ribosomes

This structure of prokaryotes function for cellular function and energy storage

1. F; Double-Stranded

2. F (With some exceptions)

3. T

4. T

5. F; Continuous

MTF: DNA of most bacterial cells

1. Single-stranded

2. Linear

3. Covalently closed

4. Supercoiled

5. Discontinuous

Plasmids

These are mobile genetic elements that can confer genetic traits

Murein/Mucopeptide/Peptidoglycan

The bacterial cell wall owes its strength to a later composed of what substance?

N-acetylglucosamine (NAM) and N-Acetylmuramic Acid (NAG)

The peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls is made up of what 2 alternating substances?

F

T/F: The bacterial cell wall is selectively permeable

Beta-lactamases

This is an enzyme produced by some bacteria that allows it to be resistant to antibiotics like penicillin

Lipotechoic Acid

This substance is unique to gram (+) bacteria which triggers the release of cytokines during inflammation

Lipopolysaccharide

This substance is unique to gram (-) bacteria which plays a central role in the integrity and selective permeability of the cell wall’s outer membrane

F; Other way around

T/F: Lipotechoic Acid is release when the cell wall is lysed while Lipopolysaccharide is released after cell wall lysis

Lipid A

This unit of LPS is associated with the toxicity of gram (-) bacteria

O antigen

This unit of LPS is highly variable, highly immunogenic to vertebrate animals, and is associated with the antigen specificity of gram (-) bacteria

Purple

Gram stain color of gram (+) bacteria

Pink

Gram stain color of gram (-) bacteria

Gram (+) bacteria

Which type of bacteria have a thicker layer of peptidoglycan?

Gram (-)

Which type of bacteria can porin proteins be found in?

Gram (-)

Which type of bacteria can periplasm be found in?

Flagella

These are thread-like appendages used by bacteria for locomotion

Monotrichous

This type of flagella arrangement is describes as having a single polar flagella

Lophotrichous

This type of flagella arrangement is describes as having multiple polar flagella

Amphitrichous

This type of flagella arrangement is describes as having a single flagella on each opposite pole

Peritrichous

This type of flagella arrangement is describes as having multiple flagella along the entire cell

Pili/Fimbriae

These are bristle-like appendages found in bacteria that functions for adhesion

Ordinary Pili

This class of fimbriae plays a role in adherence of symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria to host cells

Sex Pili

This class of fimbriae plays a role in attachment of donor and recipient cells in bacterial conjugation

Capsule

This structure of prokaryotes is responsible for a bacteria’s antiphagocytic properties and its formation may be acquired through gene exchange

Endospores

This prokaryotic appendage is usually seen when to allow bacteria to survive in a less favorable environment (i.e. depletion of Nitrogen, Carbon, or Phosphorous)

Calcium Dipicolinate

Bacterial spores are heat-resistant due to what substance?

Metachromatic Granules

This inclusion of prokaryotes contain sulfur needed for cellular oxidation and energy

Malachite Green

Stain used to stain endospores

Schaeffer Fulton Stain

This stain elucidates endospore formation in some bacillus species

Gram stain reaction

This is the most common bacterial classification that depends on the bacteria’s ability to retain a crystal violet & iodine complex after an alcohol wash

Safranin

Counterstain of the gram stain reaction

Non-peptidoglycan layer (Mycolic acid or waxy fatty acid)

The acid fastness of a bacteria is depended on whether the bacteria contains what on its outer cell wall?

Cocci

Term used to describe round bacteria

Bacilli

Term used to describe rod-shaped bacteria

Spirals

Term used to describe curved, spirally-formed bacteria

Diplococci

Term used to describe round bacteria that comes in pairs

Streptococci

Term used to describe round bacteria that come in chains

Tetrad

Term used to describe round bacteria that come in fours

Sarcina

Term used to describe round bacteria that come in small clusters

Staphylococci

Term used to describe round bacteria that come in grape-like clusters

Obligate aerobic

This type of bacteria require oxygen to survive

Obligate anaerobe

This type of bacteria require lack of oxygen to survive

Facultative anaerobe

This type of bacteria can survive with or without oxygen

Microaerophilic

This type of bacteria survive in low conc. of oxygen

F; Gram (-)

T/F: Carbohydrate utilization is usually done for gram (+) bacteria

H Ag

This is known as the flagellar antigen

O Ag

This is known as the somatic antigen

K Ag

This is known as the capsular antigen

16S

Which rRNA is used when you want to classify prokaryotes phylogenetically

18S

Which rRNA is used when you want to classify eukaryotes phylogenetically

20-40 C

At what temp do mesophiles survive in?

50-60 C

At what temp do thermophiles survive in?

0-10

At what temp do psychrophiles survive in?

Log Phase

This phase of growth is characterized with no increase in the number of cells as cells adapt to their new environment

Log Phase

This phase of growth is characterized with an exponential increase in mass due to the abundance of resources

Stationary Phase

This phase of growth is characterized with a plateau where rate of cell division = rate of cell death

Death/Decline Phase

This phase of growth is characterized with an exponential decrease in the number of living cells

Quorum Sensing

This is a type of cell to cell communication which is performed to promotes further growth and allows the bacteria to survive

Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Give the different ranks for Linnaean taxonomy from highest to lowest

Non-selective

This type of media supports the growth of many different bacteria

Selective

This type of media is used to eliminate or reduce the large numbers of irrelevant bacteria

Differential Media

This type of media is used to distinguish microorganisms based on differences in their biochemical properties (i.e. Enzyme production)

Oxidase Test

This biochemical test can distinguish organisms based on the presence of cytochrome C

Catalase Activity

This biochemical test can be used to differentiate between Gram (+) and Gram (-) cocci

Binary Fission and Budding

2 modes of reproduction of Gram (-) Eubacteria

T

T/F: Archaebacteria lack the classic peptidoglycan cell wall

Mycoplasmas

These are eubacteria that lack cell walls as they do not synthesize peptidoglycan precursors

Mollicutes’ membranes

This is used to describe a plasma membrane that requires a sterol (Usually Cholesterol) but lacks a cell wall

Cell Concentration

This is the number of viable cells per unit volume of culture

Biomass concentration

This is the cry weight of cells per unit volume of culture

T

T/F: During the plateau phase of growth, there is an increase in the total cell count but constant viable count

Biofilms

These are complex communities of bacteria that cause infections

Biocide

This is a broad spectrum chemical that inactivates microorganisms

Bacteriostatic

This antimicrobial agent inactivates bacterial multiplication and allows it to resume after removal

Bactericidal

This antimicrobial agent kills bacteria and causes cell lysis

Sterilization

This term is used to describe the action of rendering a surface free from viable organisms

Disinfectants

This antimicrobial agent is used to reduce the number of viable organisms

Septic

This is the term used to describe the presence of pathogenic microbes