Exam 1 - General Characteristics of the Spine

what does the spine protect

spinal cord and nerve roots

what does the spine provide a passageway for

spinal nerves to and from spinal cord

what is the spine the developmental origin of

ribs

the spine provides ___, ___, ___, and ___ of the body

support, stabilization, shape, and position

the spine allows for movements of the ___ and ___

trunk and limbs

the spine provides horizontal orientation for ___ and ____

eye (vision)

vestibular apparatus (balance)

what gives rise to 3 types of somites

paraxial mesoderm

what are the 3 types of somites

sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome

which somite gives rise to the vertebral column

sclerotome

which somite gives rise to muscle

myotome

which somite gives rise to skin

dermatome

what is the order of vertebral columns formed during development

membranous --> cartilaginous --> skeletal (osseous)

what occurs around day 22 of embryological development

sclerotomes surround the notochord to form the perichordal blastema

what does the perichordal blastema form

2 vertebrae

what lies between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema

intrasclerotomal fissure

what does the intrasclerotomal fissure give rise to

perichordal disc

what is the location of the adult intervertebral disc

perichordal disc

during week 6, what undergoes chondrification

membranous vertebral blastema (perichordal blastema)

mesoderm is replaced with cartilage from ___ to ___ ends

cranial to caudal

How many chondrification centers are there in the developing vertebra

6

how many pairs of chondrification centers are there in a developing vertebra

3

where are the centers of chondrification

1 pair in centrum (body)

1 pair in right and left neural arch

1 pair in right and left transverse processes

when are primary centers of ossification developed

before birth

when are secondary centers of ossification developed

puberty to age 25

how many primary centers of ossification are there in each vertebra

3

what are the 3 primary centers of ossification

1 vertebral body (centrum)

2 in vertebral arch (neural arch)

what forms between the centrum and neural arch of primary centers of ossification

neurocentral synchondrosis

how many secondary centers of ossification are there in each vertebra

5

what are the secondary ossification centers

superior and inferior epiphyseal rims, 2 on tips of transverse process, 1 on spinous process tip

primary curvature of the spine is also referred to as ___

posterior

secondary curvature of the spine is also referred to as ___

anterior

kyphotic refers to what curvature

primary, posterior

lordotic refers to what curvature

secondary, anterior

in a primary, posterior, kyphotic curvature, there is a greater ___ height of intervertebral discs than ___

posterior, anterior

where are kyphotic, posterior, primary curves found

thoracic and sacrococcygeal

where are lordotic, secondary, anterior curves found

cervical, lumbar

which curves are significant for developmental milestones

secondary

which curve becomes more defined first: cervical or lumbar?

cervical

which curve is last to develop in infants and is fully extenuated when toddler begins to walk

lumbar

in secondary, lordotic, anterior curves, there is a greater ____ height of IVD than ___

anterior, posterior

which curves allow for the erect posture of the body

secondary, lordotic, anterior

the cervical and lumbar curvatures are formed by the height difference of the ___

IVD

The thoracic curvature is formed by the height difference of the ____

vertebral bodies

there is a slight lateral curvature in what regions of the spine

thoracic and lumbar

when do typical lateral curvatures occur

after age 6

Typical lateral curvatures are associated with ___ and may have __ or __ factors as well

handedness, genetic, environmental

left-handed people will have a typical lateral deviation to the ___. Why?

left, muscles used more often so they pull more frequently than the right side

intervertebral discs attach and separates what to/from each other

vertebral bodies

intervertebral discs help to shape the ___

spine

intervertebral discs act as a powerful ___

ligament

what do intervertebral discs form the borders of

anterior border of vertebral canal

anterior border of IVF

T/F

intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers

true

what causes a slight decrease in the height of IVD throughout the day? what replenishes this?

water loss, 8 hours horizontal

what part of the IVD is C shaped and not a full circle and is made of collagen

Annulus Fibrosus

what part of the IVD restricts movement

annulus fibrosus

what part of IVD allows movement and retains water

nucleus pulposus

what is the nucleus pulposus composed of

water, collagen, and proteoglycans

what is the IVD made of

proteoglycan gel and collagen fibers

IVD height diminishes with age because _____

the nucleus pulposus gets more fibrous and there is less water and proteoglycans

which IVD component pushes vertebral bodies away from one another

nucleus pulposus

term for a small round projection or protuberance on a bone

tubercle

term for a projection or outgrowth tissue from a larger body

process

term for a small flat surface on a bone

facet

term for a something that is of, at, or relating to the joints of the body

articular

term for something that relates to the area near ribs

costal

what make up the superior and inferior border of the IVF

superior and inferior vertebral notches

what is the thin, flat portion of the vertebra that is an attachment site for the ligamentum flavum

lamina

does lamina have good blood supply

NO

the vertebral foramen refers to the

spinal canal

what is the attachment site of IVD on the body of each vertebra

superior epiphyseal rim

at the end of each process, there is a ___

EX: the spinous process has a spinous ___ at the end

tubercle

what come together to form the facet joint

superior articular facet and the inferior articular facet

intervertebral foramina located between T6 and T7 is formed from

inferior vertebral notch of T6 and superior vertebral notch of T7

what is the name of the arteries that come off the aorta

segmental arteries

segmental arteries branch into the ___

spinal branch Artery

spinal branch artery splits into

anterior and posterior medullary feeder artery

the anterior medullary feeder artery runs on the anterior root of the spinal nerve and supplies the

anterior spinal artery

how many anterior spinal arteries are there

only 1

the posterior medullary feeder artery supplies the

posterior spinal arteries

how many posterior spinal arteries are there

2

what do the radicular arteries supply

spinal rootlets

arteries in spinal cord image

what provides an alternate route for venous return and surrounds vertebral foramen in the epidural space

internal vertebral venous plexous

which veins are found on the anterior and posterior surface of the spinal cord

anterior and posterior spinal veins

how does the internal vertebral venous plexus exit the vertebral body

through basivertebral venous foramina

venous flow diagram

what spinal ligament form the anterior boundary of the spinal canal

posterior longitudinal ligament

what spinal ligament form the posterior boundary of the spinal canal

ligamentum flavum

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent

hyperflexion, posterior herniation

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to

vertebra and IVD

TIGHTLY

what does the ligamentum flavum do

preserve upright posture, straighten spinal column after flexion, and prevent hyperflexion

what does the ligamentum flavum attach to

lamina

Running along the posterior boundary of the spinal canal is an important ligament that assists in maintaining our upright posture and preventing hyperflexion of the vertebral column. Identify the ligament and its attachment site:

ligamentum flavum, lamina

the denticulate ligament is an extension of ___

pia

the denticulate ligament prevents ___ movement

lateral

what anchors the spinal cord laterally to dura

denticulate ligament

the filum terminale is an extension of ___

pia

what anchors the spinal cord to the sacrum and coccyx

filum terminale

what movement does the filum terminale prevent

vertical

which real space is between arachnoid and pia and is filled with CSF

subarachnoid space