CPUSH Final Exam

Wagner Act

protects the rights of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining

Social Security Act

Established system of social insurance and public welfare programs for retirees, disabled folks, and elderly

Federal Securities Act

First federal legislation to regulate the stock market, setting rules to protect investors against fraud and taking some power away from the states

Federal Art Project

New deal program established to employ artists and art educators during the great depression

Civilian Conservation Corps

Public work relief program to provide employment and conservation work for young, unemployed men

Tennessee Valley Authority

Government owned corporation created to improve the tennessee river valley through various development projects and supplying work to many people in the GD

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

US govt agency created to maintain stability and public confidence in the nation's financial system

Fair Labor Standards Act

Set standards for minimum wage, overtime pay, record keeping, and child labor

Home Owners Loan Corporation

Created to help stabilize the real estate market during the GD

Works Progress Administration

New deal program designed to provide employment and relief during GD

Securities and Exchange Commission

Govt agency responsible for regulating the securities industry by protecting investors, maintaining fair markets, and facilitate capital formation

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

New deal agency established to provide direct aid to those struggling during the great depression

Federal Writers' Project

New deal program created during the great depression to employ writers and document american culture, history, and folklore

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Designed to stabilize the bank system and public confidence in banks during the GD

Manhattan Project

a top-secret U.S. government research and development undertaking during World War II to produce the world's first nuclear weapons

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day, marks the formal surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allied forces

Lend Lease Act

authorized the U.S. government to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed vital to the defense of the United States

Battle of the Bulge

last major German offensive on the Western Front, aimed at splitting the Allied forces and capturing the port of Antwerp

GI Bill of Rights

a US federal law that provides educational and other benefits to veterans.

Pearl Harbor

Naval base on oahu hawaii near honolulu, known for the surprise attack by Japan on December 7, 1941, which led to the U.S. entering World War II

NATO

political and military alliance of 32 countries from Europe and North America

Cold War

the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990.

Berlin Airlift

a major Cold War event where the United States and Great Britain provided essential supplies to West Berlin after the Soviet Union blockaded the city in 1948

Containment

a foreign policy strategy aimed at preventing the spread of communist influence and ideology.

Marshall Plan

U.S. initiative enacted in 1948 to provide economic aid to Western Europe following World War II

HUAC

House Un-American Activities Committee, a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives formed to investigate rumored communist influence in the United States

Blacklist

list of media workers ineligible for employment because of alleged communist or subversive ties

Alger Hiss

accused of being a communist spy and was convicted of perjury in 1950. His case became a major scandal during the Red Scare and highlighted the fear of communist infiltration into the US government.

mccarthyism

campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy

Limited test ban treaty

agreement that prohibits nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater

Bay of pigs

a failed 1961 military operation by a group of Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, to overthrow the communist government of Fidel Castro in Cuba

Berlin wall

a fortified concrete and wire barrier that physically separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989

Fidel castro

Communist leader who made Cuba the first socialist country of the Americas. During the Cold War he was a friend of the Soviet Union, and he depended on their help until the USSR collapsed

Flexible response

military approach that uses a range of options, including diplomatic, political, economic, and military, to deter aggression and respond to threats

perestroika

political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the late 1980s, widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform.

Helsinki accords

The accords aimed to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West, addressing issues like European security, cooperation in economics and science, and human rights

George bush

Presidency was defined by the end of the Cold War and his role in navigating the transition of the Soviet Union and Eastern European satellite states towards democracy. He oversaw the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the reunification of Germany, demonstrating a shift away from direct military confrontation with the Soviet Union toward a more diplomatic approach

glasnost

policy of openness and transparency introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the 1980s, often paired with Perestroika (restructuring)

Joseph stalin

Leader of ussr

United nations

International peace organization

Satellite nations

Country under significant political, economic, and military influence/control by another nation

Harry s truman

33rd president of us through end of ww2

Truman doctrine

Us would provide political, military, and economic aid to countries threatened by communism or authoritarian forces

Joseph r mccarthy

Prominent in the second red scare, alleged widespread communist infiltration within the us govt, media, and military

Hollywood ten

a group of 10 film industry members that refused to testify to an anti-communist committee hearing during the Second Red Scare era

ethel and julius rosenberg

an American married couple who were executed for espionage in 1953, after being convicted of passing secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

John F. Kennedy

35th US president during the Cold War, defined by his containment and flexible response policies.

Richard M. Nixon

President known for Watergate scandal and detente policies.

Massive Retaliation

Strategy where a nation commits to responding to an attack with a disproportionately large counterattack, often using nuclear weapons.

Nikita Khrushchev

USSR leader known for his de-stalinization policy, Cuban missile crisis, and increased cultural and political freedom in the Soviet Union.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Confrontation between US and USSR over Soviet Union's secret deployment of nuclear missiles to Cuba.

Gerald Ford

38th president, continued policy of detente and signed Helsinki Accords.

Jimmy Carter

39th president known for diplomatic relations with China and being a prominent advocate for human rights and peace, saw a resurgence of Cold War rivalry and waning of detente.

Geneva Accords

Set of agreements aimed to end the first Indochina War and establish a framework for the temporary division and eventual unification of Vietnam.

Leonid Brezhnev

Leader of the Soviet Union known for military strength and economic stagnation.

Strategic Defense Initiative

Proposed US missile defense system aimed at protecting the country from nuclear missile attacks (known as 'Star Wars').

Ronald Reagan

Centered on weakening the Soviet Union, very anti-communist, known for 'Reaganomics.'

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader who made major social changes to the country, led perestroika, saw the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Warren Court

Period when Earl Warren served as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, from 1953 to 1969, known for landmark decisions that significantly expanded civil rights, liberties, and legal protections.

Baker v. Carr

A landmark Supreme Court case that addressed the issue of legislative reapportionment.

Reapportionment

Process by which seats in a legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions, such as states or parties, entitled to representation.

Medicare and Medicaid

Two separate but often related government-funded healthcare programs primarily for disabled and elderly folk.

Gideon v. Arizona

Established the right to legal representation for criminal defendants who cannot afford an attorney in state courts.

Great Society

Aimed at eliminating poverty, reducing racial injustice, and expanding social welfare programs in the United States.

Omnibus Budget Act

A United States statute enacted pursuant to the budget reconciliation process to reduce the United States federal budget deficit.

Warren Commission

A presidential commission formed in 1963 to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

Miranda v Arizona

The Supreme Court ruled that law enforcement must inform suspects of their constitutional rights before interrogating them in custody.

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the discriminatory national origins quota system in place since the 1920s and established a new preference system based on reuniting families and attracting skilled workers.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Provides funding and guidance for primary and secondary education, bettering equal access to high quality education and aimed to improve education gaps.

Escobedo v Illinois

Established the right to counsel during police interrogations, especially if the sixth amendment right to an attorney is denied.

Immigration Act of 1968

Abolished the national origins quotas and established a new preference system focused on family reunification and skilled labor.

Civil Rights Act

Outlawed discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.

Gideon v Wainwright

Ruled the sixth amendment requires states to provide attorneys to defendants unable to afford their own.

Economic Opportunity Act

Aimed at combating poverty in the US, creating various programs and initiatives under the Johnson administration on the basis of the 'war on poverty.'

New Frontier

Political slogan and name of domestic and foreign policy agenda by JFK included the founding of the Peace Corps, reassessment of Social Security, educational funding, and scientific advancement.

Barack Obama

44th US president focusing on economic recovery from the Great Recession, enacting healthcare reform, and overseeing the end of the Iraq war and an increase in US troops in Afghanistan.

Betty Friedan

Wrote The Feminine Mystique which explored the dissatisfaction felt by many women post-war America as they were confined to domestic roles once again.

Cesar Chavez

Labor leader and civil rights activist. Co-founded the United Farm Workers, working to secure better wages, working conditions, and the right to collectively bargain for farmworkers.

Condoleezza Rice

First African-American woman to serve as both U.S. Secretary of State and U.S. National Security Advisor.

Fannie Lou Hamer

Known for as a civil rights activist and powerful advocacy for voting rights, especially with Black Americans in Mississippi.

Gloria Steinem

Co-founded feminist magazine, Ms. Magazine, to provide a platform for feminist voices and ideas.

James Meredith

Civil rights advocate, first African American to integrate the University of Mississippi.

Madeleine Albright

American diplomat and political scientist who served as the 64th United States Secretary of State under President Bill Clinton from 1997 to 2001.

Malcolm X

Prominent figure in American civil rights movement and Black Power movement, championing Black nationalism and racial pride.

violent

viewed as aggressive and intimidating, particularly towards white people, due to a belief in self-defense and liberation.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Advocated for equality and justice through nonviolent resistance and paved the way for landmark legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Phyllis Schlafly

American attorney, conservative activist, and anti-feminist, known for shaping the Republican Party's stance on the ERA and mobilizing conservative opposition to it.

Rosa Parks

Her refusal to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus in 1955 sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement.

sit-ins

A form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place, refusing to leave until their demands are met.

Sonia Sotomayor

The first Latina, and the third woman, to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States.

Thurgood Marshall

First African American Supreme Court Justice, known for his role as a civil rights lawyer and for successfully arguing the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Civil rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. and other prominent African American ministers to combat racial segregation and discrimination.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Civil rights organization founded in 1960 to coordinate nonviolent protests against racial segregation and discrimination, particularly in the Southern United States.

United Farm Workers Organizing Committee

Advocated for the rights and welfare of farmworkers, particularly in California.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Prohibited racial discrimination in voting, addressing historic barriers faced by racial and ethnic minorities, especially in the South.

napalm

A highly flammable sticky jelly used in incendiary bombs and flamethrowers, consisting of gasoline thickened with special soaps.

Land mines

An explosive mine laid on or just under the surface of the ground.

Dean Rusk

Key architect of U.S. intervention in Vietnam and played a crucial role in navigating the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Agent Orange

A defoliant chemical used by the US in the Vietnam War.

Credibility gap

An apparent difference between what is said or promised and what happens or is true.