AMSCO AP World History Unit 3 Review

Ming Dynasty

It was perhaps the peak of Chinese civilization with 300 years of peace and prosperity. They improved the Grand Canal, made great porcelain, and under Yong Le encouraged exploration.

Manchu

Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire.

Qing Dynasty

Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

Emperor Qianlong

Qing emperor known for expansion of the empire into Tibet, Nepal, and Xinjiang (Uighurs)

Gutenberg Printing Press

used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

shah

a title of the monarch of the Safavids

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. Shi'a Muslims

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

ghazi ideal

a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam

castes

social groups into which people are born and cannot change

Ivan the Terrible

Grand Prince of Moscow - first ruler to be crowned as Czar of all the Russias and managed many changes that allowed Russia to become an empire

Tamerlane

He is very much like Ghengis Khan; a military leader who conquered the lands of Persia; his empire was decentralized with tribal leaders.

Suleiman I

The leader of the Ottoman Turk Empire during the high Renaissance.

Ismail

this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings.

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

divine right of kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

justices of the peace

English local officials in the shires appointed by the crown and given wide authority in local government.

English Bill of Rights

Established freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights.

absolute power

complete control over someone or something, i.e. Absolute Monarchy

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

intendants

French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Romanov Dynasty

Russian dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.

Peter I

Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan.

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. It was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Askia the Great

Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture.

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of religious toleration of Hindus.

Delhi

Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals have a contract with the government to collect a fixed amount of taxes and are permitted to keep the rest as profit

tributes

wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior

zamindars

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

boyars

Russian nobles

serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave without permission

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Edict of Nantes

issued on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Huguenots substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. The main concern was civil unity

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia. (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

simony

The selling of church offices, seen as part of the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church

Holy Synod

Peter the Great created this to replace the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was a "bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision." (czar controlled the church)

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Started the protestant reformation

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Angilican Church

church that king Henry VIII of England created so he could marry and divorce as he pleased, English Protestant church

shariah

Islamic law

sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation