Module 2 socpsy

Self-schemas

elements of self-concept; beliefs about self that organize and guide self-relevant information

Possible Selves

images of what we dream or dread becoming in the future

Self-esteem

one’s sense of self-worth

Self-knowledge

ability to explain and predict oneself

Social Self

roles and group identities (student, family, friend)

Roles We Play

first form of social influence; assuming behaviors/attitudes of others in structured settings

Social Identity

aspect of self-concept derived from group membership

Judgment

forming evaluations or opinions of people or ideas

Looking-Glass Self (Cooley, 1902)

individuals use others’ perceptions as a mirror for self-concept

Looking-Glass Self (Mead, 1934)

what matters most is how we imagine others see us

Individualism

priority to one’s own goals; identity defined by personal attributes

Collectivism

priority to group goals; identity defined by group membership

Interdependent Self

construing identity in relation to others

Planning Fallacy

underestimating how long tasks take

Impact Bias

overestimating long-term emotional impact of events

Immune Neglect

underestimating resilience after negative events

Dual Attitudes System

implicit vs. explicit attitudes toward the same object

Narcissism

excessive self-focus; “self-esteem’s conceited sister”

Dark Triad

cluster of negative traits including narcissism

Self-efficacy

belief in one’s competence and effectiveness

Locus of Control

extent to which outcomes are controlled internally (effort) or externally (chance)

Learned Helplessness

sense of resignation from lack of control over repeated bad events

Self-determination

capacity to be motivated by internal values and goals

Self-serving Bias

tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Self-serving Attributions

attributing success to self, failure to external causes

False Consensus Effect

overestimating how common one’s opinions/undesirable behaviors are

False Uniqueness Effect

underestimating how common one’s abilities/desirable behaviors are

Defensive Pessimism

adaptive strategy: anticipating problems to stay motivated

Self-presentation

managing impressions others form of us

Self-handicapping

creating excuses for possible failure to protect self-image

Self-monitoring

adjusting one’s behavior to create desired social impressions