Test 1 - Med Terms, Cells, and Tissues

What is anatomy?

Study of structure

"to cut up"

What is physiology?

Study of function

Metabolism

sum of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body

Catabolism

breaking down

Anabolism

building things

Levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Integumentary system

physical protection, Temperature regulation, sensation; Skin, hair, nails, glands

Skeletal system

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral and Fat storage, Blood production; Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

Muscular system

movement, posture, heat production; Bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and soft tissues

Cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body; Heart, veins, arteries, capillaries

Lymphatic system

immunity, fluid balance; Bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

Nervous system

Control, Regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory; Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Enocrine system

regulate short-term and long-term activities by sending hormones throughout the body; Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, etc.

Respiratory system

gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide), acid-base balance; Lungs, larynx, trachea

Digestive system

breaks nutrients into parts small enough for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair; Stomach, small/large intestine, liver, mouth

Urinary system

Excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance. acid-base balance; Kidneys, uterus, urethra, renal pelvis, and bladder

Reproductive system

reproduction, Continuity of genetic information, the nurturing of offspring; Ovaries and testes

What is the anatomical position?

The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward

Superior/inferior

toward the head/away from the head

Anterior/posterior

toward the front/toward the back

Medial/lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

Proximal/distal

close to point of attachment/away from point of attachment

Superficial/deep

toward the surface/away from surface

Parietal/visceral

pertaining to outer wall of body/pertaining to covering of an organ

Contralateral/ipsilateral

opposite sides/same sides

cranial/caudal

Towards Cranium/Towards tail

Dorsum/Palm

back of hand; front of hand

Intermediate

between two structures

Sagittal plane

parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions

Midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

Parasagittal plane

divides body into unequal right and left sides

Frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into front and back portions

Transverse (Horizontal) plane

parallel to ground, Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique plane

divides body at an angle

Flexion and Extension

decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint; increasing the angle between two bones at the joint.

Opposition and Reposition

moving thumb toward other fingers; moving the thumb back to anatomical position.

Pronation and Supination

turning the palm downward; turn the palm upward.

Abduction and Adduction

a movement that moves limb laterally away from midline; a movement that brings limb medially toward midline.

Circumduction

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Inversion and Eversion

foot movement turns ankle toward the midline of the body; foot movement turns ankle away from the midline of the body.

Elevation and Depression

Up and Down movements such as opening and closing ones mouth, shrugging shoulders etc.

Protrusion and Retrusion

Anterior movement of the Jaw; Posterior movement of the Jaw

Protraction and Retraction

forward movement of body part away from midline; backward movement from the midline.

Lateral Flexion (side bending) and Rotation

When head or vertebral column bend laterally to the side; A movement of the head & vertebral column along the transverse plane.

Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

Ankle movement letting off the gas pedal (toes go up); ankle movement of pushing gas pedal (toes go down).

Dorsal cavity

cranial cavity (anterior contains the brain) and spinal cavity (posterior contains the spinal cord)

Ventral cavity

thoracic cavity - right and left pleural cavities; abdominopelvic cavity- abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

9 abdominopelvic regions

r. Hypochondriac — epigastric — L. Hypochondriac; R. Lumbar - umbilical — L. Lumbar; R. Inguinal — hypogastric — L. Inguinal

Axial region

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular region

upper and lower extremities (arms and legs)

Dorsal

back

Lumbar

lower part of back between ribs and pelvis

Gluteal

buttock

Popliteal

back of knee

Plantar

sole of foot

Cephalic

head

Cervical

neck

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Antibrachial

front of forearm

Femoral

thigh

Abdominal

anterior torso below diaphragm

Acromial

shoulder.

antecubital

depressed area just in front of elbow.

Calcaneal

heel of foot

Carpal

wrist

Coxal

hip

Cranial

skull

Crural

leg

Cubital

elbow

Cutaneous

skin

Digital

fingers or toes

Facial

face

Frontal

forehead

Hallux

great toe

Inguinal

groin

Mammary

breast

Manual

hand

Mental

chin

Nasal

nose

Naval

umbilical

Occipital

Back of lower part of skull

Olecranal

back of elbow

Oral

mouth

Orbital

eyes

Otic

ears

Palmar

palm of hand

Patellar

front of knee

Pedal

foot

Pelvic

lower portion of torso

Perineal

Area between anus and genitals

Pollex

thumb

Pubic

pubis

Supraclavicular

area above clavical

Sural

calf

Tarsal

ankle

Temporal

side of skull

Thoracic

chest

Zygomatic

cheek