Final Exam: NR228/ NR 228 Nutrition, Health & Wellness Exam| Questions and Verified Answers Latest 2026 Already Graded A -Chamberlain| ASSURED SUCCESS

What are some causes of fluid retention? (select all that apply)

A. Excess sodium/sodium retention

B. Kwashiorkor

C. Water intoxication

What can cause a sodium deficiency? (select all that apply)

A. Dehydration

B. Hypernatremia

C. Diarrhea

D. Liver Disease

A. Dehydration

C. Diarrhea

What are some ways to treat GERD?

A. Lay down after meals

B. Avoid big meals

C. Avoid tight clothing

D. Avoid high fat foods

E. Eat chocolate to ease stomach

B, C, D

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

A. Glucose

B. Sucruose

C. Fructose

D. Galactose

E. Maltose

A, C, D

Which of the following are disaccharides?

A. Glucose

B. Sucrose

C. Maltose

D. Galactose

E. Lactose

B, C, E

Glucose is the main source of energy for ___?

the brain and nerves

What is the sweetest artificial sweetener?

Sunette

Which of the following are sources of complex carbohydrates? (select all that apply)

A. Grapes

B. Grains

C. Legumes

D. Apples

E. Potatoes

B,C,E

What complications are related to gestational diabetes? (select all that apply)

A. premature birth

B. congenital abnormalities

C. fetal death

D. type 2 diabetes later in mother

E. macrosomia

A. premature birth

B. congenital abnormalities

C. fetal death

D. type 2 diabetes later in mother

E. macrosomia

What could cause infant hypoglycemia?

When the mother had consistently high blood sugar during pregnancy so the baby gets used to having high blood sugar and gets used to producing high levels of insulin

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What are some food sources for monounsaturated fatty acids?

olive oil, peanuts, avocado, canola oil

What are some food sources for polyunsaturated fatty acids?

vegetable oils, fish, margarine,

What type of cholesterol increases risk of CAD when elevated?

LDL

Where are nonessential amino acids found?

created in the body

When is a positive nitrogen balance common?

growing children, pregnant women, people recovering from illness or injury

When is a negative nitrogen balance common?

aging adults, physical illness, extreme stress, starvation, surgery, eating disorders

What effect does the acid- base balance have on proteins?

if acid- base balance gets off then proteins become denatured and are not able to perform their usual functions

Whats the function of hemoglobin?

transports oxygen in the blood

What is a complete protein?

contains all nine essential amino acids

What are some food sources for complete proteins? (select all that apply).

A. Meats

B. Dark green veggies

C. Eggs

D. Dairy products

E. Fruits

A, C, D

What are high quality proteins?

contain best balance of essential amino acids and are easily digested

What are food sources for high quality protein?

Eggs, human milk

What is an incomplete protein?

lacks one or more EAA and will not support life

What are some incomplete proteins?

plant foods

What is a vegan?

No animal products at all

What is a lacto-vegetarian?

no animal products except dairy

Whats an ovo-lacto vegetarian?

no animal products except dairy and egs

What is marasmus?

A. Lack of protein while get adequate caloric intake

B. Deficient caloric intake, skin hangs on skin

C. Wasting Syndrome

D. Dumping syndrome

B

What is Kwashiorkor?

A. Lack of protein while get adequate caloric intake

B. Deficient caloric intake, skin hangs on skin

C. Wasting Syndrome

D. Dumping syndrome

A

Beriberi is related to what vitamin deficiency?

B1 Thiamine

What are some food sources of B1 Thiamine?

lean pork, whole grains and flours, legumes, seeds and nuts

What is Beriberi?

Bi Thiamine deficiency. Ataxia and tachycardia

What are some food sources for Folate?

leafy green veggies, legumes, fortified grain cereals

What is Scurvy?

Vitamin C deficiency, gingivitis, joint and limb aches, bruising, death

What is the cause of Rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency

What are some food sources for Vitamin D?

animal related foods (butter, egg, liver)

What are some possible complications of Iodine Deficiency?

Cretinism in pregnancy, goiter

What is viral hepatitis?

inflammation of the liver cause by mono or another viral infection

How is hep A transmitted?

oral-fecal

How is Hep B transmitted?

sexual contact or blood

How is Hep C transmitted?

blood, saliva, semen

How is Hep D transmitted?

from Hep B virus

How is Hep E transmitted?

oral fecal

What is cirrhosis of the liver and what is its cause?

buildup of fibrous connective tissue from alcohol abuse, hepatitis, metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases

What type of diet is recommended for patients with liver cirrhosis?

low protein

What is ascites?

accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

What diet plan would a patient with ascites need to follow?

low sodium and possibly restricted fluids

What is cholecystitis?

pain, tenderness, fever, fat intolerance, nausea, heartburn, jaundice, steatorrhea

What is the recommended diet to manage pain for a patient with cholecytitis?

low fat diet

What is gastroparesis?

Delayed gastric emptying causing heartburn, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting fullness and bezoar formation

Gastroparesis is most common with what other disease?

Diabetes type one

CAD is associated with a high _DL level?

L (LDL)

What are some modifiable risk factors for CAD?

hypertension, smoking, type two diabetes, obesity, diet, steroids

Nutrition therapy for patient with or at risk for CAD?

low fat

Who is most at risk for developing hypertension?

African Americans

Lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure?

reduce weight, decrease alcohol intake, decrease sodium intake, stop smoking, increase activity level

What diet is used to help with hypertension?

DASH

Diet for Congestive Heart Failure?

Reduce Sodium intake

What is the function of Vit B12?

Transport and storage of folate

What are some clinical manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency?

pernicious anemia and CNS damage

Who is most at risk for a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Vegans and vegetarians

What vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?

Vitamin C

What is macrocytic anemia?

RBCs are larger than normal but don't carry enough hemoglobin which is required to transport oxygen

What type of diet is recommended for Hepatitis?

liquid, then small meals, high protein

What is celiac disease?

Autoimmune disease with inability to digest gluten containing grains (wheat, barley, rye)

What is a clear liquid diet?

Only foods that are clear liquid at room temperature (should not be used more than 24 hours)

What is a full liquid diet?

For patients who have difficulty swallowing, and liquids (juices)

Enteral vs Parenteral

Enteral is through GI tract (nasogastric), Parenteral is through central line

What happens to the body during starvation?

It uses stored carb, protein and fat to meet energy demands, decline in metabolic rate to prolong survival

Whats the difference between stress and starvation related weight loss?

During stress metabolic rate increases, starvation it decreases to prolong life

Nutrition therapy for burn victims?

fluid and electrolyte replacement

What foods should a patient with dumping syndrome avoid?

refined sugars, high fat

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

type of brain damage resulting from toxic ammonia buildup

What are some symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy?

confusion, change in LOC, behavior changes, personality changes

What diet is recommended for patients with hepatic encephalopathy?

high kcal (maybe low protein and push fluids)

What diet should someone with CHF follow?

low sodium

What type of diet should a patient with COPD follow?

increase kcal, adequate not excessive protein, don't overfeed

What is wasting syndrome?

involuntary weight loss greater than 10% in 1 month with the presence of chronic diarrhea, weakness or fever

Nutrition therapy for someone with wasting syndrome/HIV/AIDS?

increase kcal and protein without expanding food volume

What foods should be avoided with calcium based renal calculi?

chocolate, spinach, rubarb, nuts, strawberries, tea (foods that increase oxalate)

What is diverticulitis?

inflammation of the diverticuli in the colon

Nutritional Therapy for diverticulitis?

liquid diet may be recommended temporarily, low fiber!

What diet is recommended for a patient on dialysis?

low sodium, phosphorus, and potassium

Foods that should be avoided for patients with IBS?

Fruits, diary, wheat, legumes, beans

Whats the normal range for HDL?

40-59

Whats the normal range for LDL

under 100 is optimal

Whats the normal range for cholesterol?

under 200