Studied by 6 people
Body Mass Index (BMI)
the ratio of body weight to height
5 and 6 years-old
BMI is lower than in any other between the ages of…
from the breastbone to the belly button.
During early childhood, the center of gravity moves…
overeat when not hungry
If a child during early childhood is food insecure, they are more likely to…
vulnerable to obesity
In low income family cultures, when parents rely on fast food to guard against undernutrition, their children become…
health and diet
Oral health is greatly affected by a child’s…
tooth decay
Obesity is correlated with…
health problems
Infected teeth may indicate or cause…
permanent teeth
Poor oral health in early childhood may harm…
10%
Approximately ____ of children have a specific allergy to a common, healthy food.
75%
By 2-years-old, a child’s brain weighs ____ of what it will in adulthood.
90%
By 6-years-old, a child’s brain weighs ____ of what it will in adulthood.
the brain’s increase in weight
During early childhood, myelin is a major contributor of…
Myelin
the fatty substance coating axons that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
Corpus Collosum
a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.
Lateralization
literally, “sidedness,” referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.
The left hemisphere
the side of the brain that is frequently associated with details
The Right hemisphere
the side of the brain that is frequently associated with emotions
speaking or processing language
A brain injury to the left side of the brain my severely affect…
Amygdala
the brain structure that registers emotions
more consistent sleep, nuanced and responsive emotions, a decrease in temper tantrums and uncontrollable laughter or tears
The maturation of the prefrontal cortex in early childhood leads to:
6-years-old
Jean Piaget believed that it was difficult for kids to think logically until…
Preoperational Intelligence
Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involves symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking isn’t yet possible.
Animism
the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive, moving around, and having sensations and abilities that are humanlike
Irreversibility
a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
Conservation
the principle that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance changes.
Emotional Regulation (Effortful Control)
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.
3 and 5-years-old
Emotional regulation is essential in development, especially so between the ages of
removal
The goal of emotional intelligence during early childhood is emotional regulation, not…
Initiative Verses Guilt
Erikson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis, in which young children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.
Protective Optimism
kids think they are better than they are and it helps them try new things
Optimistic Self-Concept
protects young children from guilt and shame, and encourages initiative
unrealistic self-concept
According to Erikson, young children have an ___________________ and believe they can achieve any goal.
Pretend Play
when a child is playing alone
Social Play
when a child plays with playmates
warmth
The first of the four dimensions that parents differ on is expressions of…
discipline
The second of the four dimensions that parents differ on is strategies for…
maturity
The third of the four dimensions that parents differ on is expectations for…
communication
The fourth of the four dimensions that parents differ on is…
Authoritarian Parenting
an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication from child to parent.
unquestioned obedience
Authoritarian parents expect…
Permissive Parenting (Indulgent Parenting)
an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.
Authoritative Parenting
an approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.
be friends with their child
Permissive parents want to…
lack self-control
Permissive parents create children who…
Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting
an approach to child rearing in which the parents seem indifferent toward their children, not knowing or caring about their children’s lives.
Corporal Punishment
discipline techniques that hurt the body of someone from spanking to serious harm, including death.
Psychological Control
a disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support, using a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.
Time-Out
a disciplinary technique in which a person is separated from other people and activities for a specified time.
time-out
The most common disciplinary technique for a child’s misbehavior in North American households and preschools is…
Sex Differences
physical differences between men and women, in organs, hormones, and body shape.
Gender Differences
differences between male and female roles, behaviors, clothes, and so on that arise from society, not physiology.
Behaviorism Perspective of Gender
The theory of gender that states that gender roles are conditioned via reinforcement and/or punishment.
Social Learning Perspective of Gender
The theory of gender that states that children understand gender through the modelling of their parents.
Cognitive Perspective of Gender
The theory of gender that states that children’s immature thinking makes them want their appearances to match their gender.
Evolutionary Perspective of Gender
The theory of gender that states that gender roles arise from the biological desire to reproduce.
Prosocial Behavior
actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them
Antisocial Actions
actions intended to deliberately hurt another person, including people who have done no harm
decrease with maturity
antisocial actions…
Reactive Aggression
an impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental hurtful action.
2-year-olds
Reactive Aggression is most common for…
Relational Aggression
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and other people
accidents/violence
The cause of death for young children that is more common than any other combined:
Child Maltreatment
intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.
Child Abuse
Deliberate action that harms a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being
Static Reasoning
a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s term for the skills— cognitive as well as physical —that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.
Scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.
physical activity
_______________ helps physical, emotional, and mental health
decreased
In schools and in general, physical activity has ___________ over the years
overweight
A child with a BMI above the 85th percentile, but below the 95th, is considered…
Childhood Obesity
in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the US CDC’s 1980 standards for children of a given age
Concrete Operational Thought
Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
middle childhood
Jean Piaget’s level third of cognitive development, Concrete Operational Thought, occurs during…
Piaget
The psychologist who suggested that memory processing, from input to storage to retrieval, is affected by maturation.
Vygotsky
The psychologist who suggested that memory processing, from input to storage to retrieval, is affected by experiences.
Metacognition
the ability to monitor and adaptively control one's cognitive processing or thinking about thinking
computer
In information processing theory, the human mind/brain processes memory like a…
Seriation
the concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet.
how and what they learn
Vygotsky stated that, for children during middle childhood, culture affects…
Working Memory
memory that is active at any given moment; conscious mental activity.
read
Working memory is very important in learning how to…
improves
Working memory ____________ in middle childhood.
Retrieval
how readily past learning can be brought into working memory.
Aptitude
the ability to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
Aptitude Test
a test designed to measure one’s potential for learning a skill or body of knowledge.
Achievement
what is actually mastered
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
the correct answers (to a general “g” intelligence test) divided by the average for kids of that age group.
Plasticity
the idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction—including difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view— and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
infancy
Most kids with ASD show signs in…
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
a condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors; it interferes with a person’s functioning or development.
ADHD
A child who is excitable, impulsive, very energetic, and has difficulty focusing may have…
boys
The hyperactivity symptom of ADHD is most commonly found in…
girls
The inattentiveness symptom of ADHD is most commonly found in…
US
Rates of ADHD have increased in the…
Specific Learning Disorder
a marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by an intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment
four hypotheses of the increase of ASD
environment
prenatal influences
increase in diagnoses, not in itself
the expanded DSM-5 categories
Industry Verses Inferiority
the 4th of Erikson’s psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent
autonomy and freedom
During middle childhood, parents give more…
