(PSYC 2314) Exam 2 -- Chapters 5-8

as taught by Professor Mia Holder

Body Mass Index (BMI)

the ratio of body weight to height

5 and 6 years-old

BMI is lower than in any other between the ages of…

from the breastbone to the belly button.

During early childhood, the center of gravity moves…

overeat when not hungry

If a child during early childhood is food insecure, they are more likely to…

vulnerable to obesity

In low income family cultures, when parents rely on fast food to guard against undernutrition, their children become…

health and diet

Oral health is greatly affected by a child’s…

tooth decay

Obesity is correlated with…

health problems

Infected teeth may indicate or cause…

permanent teeth

Poor oral health in early childhood may harm…

10%

Approximately ____ of children have a specific allergy to a common, healthy food.

75%

By 2-years-old, a child’s brain weighs ____ of what it will in adulthood.

90%

By 6-years-old, a child’s brain weighs ____ of what it will in adulthood.

the brain’s increase in weight

During early childhood, myelin is a major contributor of…

Myelin

the fatty substance coating axons that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.

Corpus Collosum

a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.

Lateralization

literally, “sidedness,” referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.

The left hemisphere

the side of the brain that is frequently associated with details

The Right hemisphere

the side of the brain that is frequently associated with emotions

speaking or processing language

A brain injury to the left side of the brain my severely affect…

Amygdala

the brain structure that registers emotions

more consistent sleep, nuanced and responsive emotions, a decrease in temper tantrums and uncontrollable laughter or tears

The maturation of the prefrontal cortex in early childhood leads to:

6-years-old

Jean Piaget believed that it was difficult for kids to think logically until…

Preoperational Intelligence

Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involves symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking isn’t yet possible.

Animism

the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive, moving around, and having sensations and abilities that are humanlike

Irreversibility

a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

Conservation

the principle that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance changes.

Emotional Regulation (Effortful Control)

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.

3 and 5-years-old

Emotional regulation is essential in development, especially so between the ages of

removal

The goal of emotional intelligence during early childhood is emotional regulation, not…

Initiative Verses Guilt

Erikson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis, in which young children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.

Protective Optimism

kids think they are better than they are and it helps them try new things

Optimistic Self-Concept

protects young children from guilt and shame, and encourages initiative

unrealistic self-concept

According to Erikson, young children have an ___________________ and believe they can achieve any goal.

Pretend Play

when a child is playing alone

Social Play

when a child plays with playmates

warmth

The first of the four dimensions that parents differ on is expressions of…

discipline

The second of the four dimensions that parents differ on is strategies for…

maturity

The third of the four dimensions that parents differ on is expectations for…

communication

The fourth of the four dimensions that parents differ on is…

Authoritarian Parenting

an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication from child to parent.

unquestioned obedience

Authoritarian parents expect…

Permissive Parenting (Indulgent Parenting)

an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.

Authoritative Parenting

an approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.

be friends with their child

Permissive parents want to…

lack self-control

Permissive parents create children who…

Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting

an approach to child rearing in which the parents seem indifferent toward their children, not knowing or caring about their children’s lives.

Corporal Punishment

discipline techniques that hurt the body of someone from spanking to serious harm, including death.

Psychological Control

a disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support, using a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.

Time-Out

a disciplinary technique in which a person is separated from other people and activities for a specified time.

time-out

The most common disciplinary technique for a child’s misbehavior in North American households and preschools is…

Sex Differences

physical differences between men and women, in organs, hormones, and body shape.

Gender Differences

differences between male and female roles, behaviors, clothes, and so on that arise from society, not physiology.

Behaviorism Perspective of Gender

The theory of gender that states that gender roles are conditioned via reinforcement and/or punishment.

Social Learning Perspective of Gender

The theory of gender that states that children understand gender through the modelling of their parents.

Cognitive Perspective of Gender

The theory of gender that states that children’s immature thinking makes them want their appearances to match their gender.

Evolutionary Perspective of Gender

The theory of gender that states that gender roles arise from the biological desire to reproduce.

Prosocial Behavior

actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them

Antisocial Actions

actions intended to deliberately hurt another person, including people who have done no harm

decrease with maturity

antisocial actions…

Reactive Aggression

an impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental hurtful action.

2-year-olds

Reactive Aggression is most common for…

Relational Aggression

nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and other people

accidents/violence

The cause of death for young children that is more common than any other combined:

Child Maltreatment

intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.

Child Abuse

Deliberate action that harms a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

Static Reasoning

a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky’s term for the skills— cognitive as well as physical —that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.

Scaffolding

temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.

physical activity

_______________ helps physical, emotional, and mental health

decreased

In schools and in general, physical activity has ___________ over the years

overweight

A child with a BMI above the 85th percentile, but below the 95th, is considered…

Childhood Obesity

in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the US CDC’s 1980 standards for children of a given age

Concrete Operational Thought

Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.

middle childhood

Jean Piaget’s level third of cognitive development, Concrete Operational Thought, occurs during…

Piaget

The psychologist who suggested that memory processing, from input to storage to retrieval, is affected by maturation.

Vygotsky

The psychologist who suggested that memory processing, from input to storage to retrieval, is affected by experiences.

Metacognition

the ability to monitor and adaptively control one's cognitive processing or thinking about thinking

computer

In information processing theory, the human mind/brain processes memory like a…

Seriation

the concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet.

how and what they learn

Vygotsky stated that, for children during middle childhood, culture affects…

Working Memory

memory that is active at any given moment; conscious mental activity.

read

Working memory is very important in learning how to…

improves

Working memory ____________ in middle childhood.

Retrieval

how readily past learning can be brought into working memory.

Aptitude

the ability to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

Aptitude Test

a test designed to measure one’s potential for learning a skill or body of knowledge.

Achievement

what is actually mastered

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

the correct answers (to a general “g” intelligence test) divided by the average for kids of that age group.

Plasticity

the idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction—including difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view— and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

infancy

Most kids with ASD show signs in…

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

a condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors; it interferes with a person’s functioning or development.

ADHD

A child who is excitable, impulsive, very energetic, and has difficulty focusing may have…

boys

The hyperactivity symptom of ADHD is most commonly found in…

girls

The inattentiveness symptom of ADHD is most commonly found in…

US

Rates of ADHD have increased in the…

Specific Learning Disorder

a marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by an intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment

four hypotheses of the increase of ASD

1. environment

2. prenatal influences

3. increase in diagnoses, not in itself

4. the expanded DSM-5 categories

Industry Verses Inferiority

the 4th of Erikson’s psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent

autonomy and freedom

During middle childhood, parents give more…