Ethology Test 1

Animals in their natural environment and have no human-related genetic manipulation are ...

Wild

Previously wild animals selectively bred for physical, behavioral, or physiological changes are ...

domestic

Domestic animals are different in what ways from their wild counterparts?

Physically (size), Behaviorally (aggression), Physiologically (Chromosome numbers)

An animal that does not fear humans nor fleas from approach is ...

Tame

Previously domestic animals that have undergone reverse domestication, reverting back to a wild state, without direct dependance on humans

Feral

An example of feral animals would be:

Carolina Dogs, Dingoes

A group of free living, unowned animals is called a ...

Community

T/F Animals in a community are feral

F

T/F Animals in a community may have been born into the group

T

T/F Ancient humans depended on animals for meat and clothing

T

The Hunter-Gatherer society was about ___ years ago

2 million

What caused domestication of animals to begin?

Domestication first began ___ years ago

shift from nomadic lifestyle to permanent shelters and farming, 10k - 15k years ago

What are the desired traits for domestication?

Name all 9

Human need (food, cloth, shelter)

Group structure (large numbers in small space)

Promiscuous mating (choose mates for traits)

Multiple estrous cycles (lots of young)

Sexual readiness signs (Know when to breed)

Easily tamed

Generalized diets (Eat our trash + abundant stuff)

Adaptable to wide range of environments (Not territorial, don't migrate)

Limited agility (easier to confine)

Dogs were domesticated from Gray wolves about ___ years ago

12k - 15k

T/F Domestication of dogs began with feral wolves hanging around human kills

False! Feral implies that they were domesticated to begin with, you fool! The rest is true though

Close proximity mating increase/decrease tameness

Increases

How many generations did it take for foxes to become dogs?

20

The genes GTF21 and GTF21RD1 are responsible for ...

Domestication of dogs

Increases sociability

Selective breeding for physical features in dogs started ___ years ago

1100

Also enhanced behavioral traits

Domestication of sheep/goats (shortened to Shoats) happened ___ years ago

9k - 10.5k

What species did the domestic sheep derive from? What advantage did they have?

Asiatic mouflon; could be kept together and herded

What species did the goat come from? What were their advantage?

Bezoar goat; capable of being at a high altitude

What were Shoats used for?

Meat, milk, and clothing

The domestication of cattle occurred ___ years ago

8k - 10k

Humpless cattle came from the ___ auroch while humped cattle came from the ___ auroch

European; Indian

What reasons were there to domesticate cattle?

Regiopolitical (associated with strength, fertility, sacrafice)

Material (blood, meat, draft, milk later)

Pigs were domesticated from ___ about ___ years ago

wild boars; 8,000

When/where were horses domesticated?

5k - 6k years ago, Ukraine

Reasons to domesticate horses:

Meat

Milk

Transport (herding, war)

Cats were domesticated from ___ about ___ years ago

African Wild Cats; 2k - 3k

T/F Cats were highly selectively bred

False, practically self domesticated

Reasons to domesticate cats

Hunt mice

Bastet (Egyptian goddess with cat head)

Moon Goddess (devil and evil, not sure that's a good thing)

Cute (not on test)

Domesticated animals would not exist without ___

Human need

What are the four societal views of animals?

Pastoralism

Agrarianism

Romanticism

Industrialism

Pastoralism dates back at least ___ and maybe as far as domestication

2100 years ago

Primary components of pastoralism

Animals used for specific purposes as long as conventions are met (day of rest, humane slaughter)

Diligent care is important

Main aspect of agrarianism

Living close to the land brings out the best in people

Cities = bad

Romanticism before 1600, animals were

Decorations or symbols

Romanticism after 1600, animals became

the primary subject, due to an emphasis on nature

Animals were considered emotional

Main aspect of industrialism

Progress is most important

Science is key to knowledge

Positives of industrialism

Reduced need for hand labor

Increased productivity

Negatives of industrialism

Exploited workers, animal welfare ignored

About ___% of people consider dogs to be family, at least until ___

67%; until major event like new home, death in family, etc.

About ___% of people consider cats to be family

56% (less than dogs)

Only 38% of horse owners consider horses to be family. The other categories include:

Companion animal

Performance partner

Best friend

Investment

Livestock

What are some individual factors that may affect one's perception of animals?

Age

Sex

Previous experience

Animal species

Animal personality

Concurrent happenings

What are the eight perspectives of animals by Stephan Kellert?

Aesthetic (artistic/symbolic)

Dominionistic (mastery/control)

Ecological (animal = nature)

Humanistic (Strong affection toward individual animals)

Negativistic (People deserving to be euthanized)

Neutral (emotional detachment)

Scientific (physiology/biology)

Utilitarian (practical/material value)

T/F Veterinarians should appreciate different people's views, and agree with them.

False. You can understand and appreciate them, but you don't have to agree with them

___ percent of households have some type of pet

65

Animals have an economic impact of ____

221 bil dollars

1.3 mil jobs

60 bil wages

Spend about ___ per year (dog/cats)

78 bil

Horse spends ___ per year

Cattle ___/ year

1 bil

33 bil

Wolf vs dog: dogs can't break down ...

starch with amylase

T/F environment factors can change on/off of a gene

True, think pre-pregnant stress

What factors affect behavior?

Genetics

Epigentics

Learning

Environement

Mood

Urbanization affects behavior since ...

Can't run free anymore

No barking

Large groups or less animals (less knowledge)

95% of the population is ___ generations off the farm

3

The average owner is ..

Dumb

Lazy

(legit an accurate summary of the slide)

T/F animals only learn when trained

False, learn 24/7

Animal learning is based on ___

Reinforcement

__% of cats are surrendered for behavior

__% of dogs are surrendered II

41

59

How an animal acts in a situation is the def. of ___

animal behavior

Vets learn about behavior to ___

diagnose mental/physical conditions

T/F only a few diseases express behavior changes

False

T/F Behavior therapists can tell vets what to prescribe

Nuh uh

____ problems are the largest health and longevity threat to pets

Behavior

About ___ dog bites per year

4.5 million

T/F Dog bites are the #1 public health issue in the US (after covid)

true

What vet type has the highest injury rate?

equine

____ (number) dogs and cats die in a shelter /year, __% were surrendered for behavior

3 million

40

T/F behavior can be terminal

True

____ issues are most common complaint to lawmakers

Animal-related

Animals do bad things cuz they thought...

it was the appropriate choice

T/F animals always obey, especially when fearful

False

Why might dogs not listen to a command?

Competing emotion/stimulus is stronger (rabbit)

The best way to solve behavior problems is ...

preventing them

T/F you should encourage socialization

True

When there is a dramatic change in behavior, you should ...

Perform a diagnostic workup

Determine relation between behavior and disease

Aggressive cuz of pain

T/F you should use the history, observations, and owner's assumptions

false, never trust the owner

T/F you should charge plebs for your time

Yeah

T or F Tame animals can be wild, domestic, or feral

T