BIO 169 Midterm Exam Study Guide

A set of flashcards designed to aid in studying key concepts related to the endocrine system, blood types, cardiac function, and respiratory processes for the BIO 169 midterm exam.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that produce hormones, releasing them into the bloodstream to regulate various body functions.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body.

Prolactin (PRL)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production.

Corticotropin (ACTH)

A hormone that regulates the adrenal glands, which release adrenaline.

Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A gonadotropin that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in women and sperm production in men.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A gonadotropin that triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production.

Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone that increases blood pressure by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Oxytocin

A hormone that induces labor contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Thyroxine (T4)

A thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism, increasing oxygen and energy consumption.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone that increases calcium concentration in body fluids and enhances calcium reabsorption in kidneys.

Aldosterone

A hormone from the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels by promoting sodium retention.

Cortisol

A glucocorticoid hormone that increases sugar levels and provides anti-inflammatory effects.

Epinephrine

A hormone also known as adrenaline that increases cardiac activity and blood pressure.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas that stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar levels.

Insulin

A hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that decreases blood sugar levels.

Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythms.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.

Blood Types

Classifications of blood based on antigens present on red blood cells.

Universal Donor

Type O-negative blood, which lacks A, B, and Rh antigens and can be donated to any blood type.

Universal Recipient

Type AB-positive blood, which has no antibodies against A or B antigens and can receive any blood type.

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

Stroke Volume

The volume of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction.

Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles contract and pump blood.

Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles relax and fill with blood.

Bronchodilation

The widening of airways, allowing for greater airflow into the lungs.

Bronchoconstriction

The narrowing of airways, reducing airflow into the lungs.

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and facilitates its transport in the bloodstream.

Gas Exchange

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream.

Hyperventilation

Rapid breathing that causes excessive loss of carbon dioxide, leading to alkalosis.

Hypoventilation

Slow or insufficient breathing that causes a buildup of carbon dioxide, leading to acidosis.