UNit 7.1 and 7.4

Nicholas II

The last tsar of Russia, assassinated in 1918 due to political opposition.

Bolsheviks

A revolutionary organization in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in 1917.

Bloody Sunday

An event on January 22, 1905, when Russian troops killed peaceful protesters demanding better working conditions.

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict (1904-1905) where Japan defeated Russia, marking the first defeat of a European power by an Asian state.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Lenin's plan that reintroduced limited private trade to recover the Russian economy after the Civil War.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's economic policies aimed at rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union.

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks who established a communist government in Russia.

collectivization

The process of consolidating individual land and labor into collective farms in the Soviet Union.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

The dominant political party in Mexico that ruled for most of the 20th century.

Porfirio Diaz

A Mexican dictator whose policies led to the Mexican Revolution.

Francisco Madero

The opposition leader who initiated the Mexican Revolution against Diaz.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary leader in Mexico known for land reform and redistribution.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese revolutionary leader who played a key role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty.

Young Turks

A reformist group in the late Ottoman Empire that sought to modernize and promote Turkish nationalism.

Kemal Atatürk

The founder of the Republic of Turkey and its first president, known for significant modernization reforms.

fascism

A far-right political system characterized by authoritarianism and extreme nationalism, heavily associated with Mussolini.

New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt's series of programs aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory advocating for government intervention to stimulate demand during economic downturns.

Spanish Civil War

A conflict (1936-1939) between Republicans and Nationalists in Spain, with significant foreign involvement.

Guernica

The city bombed by German and Italian forces during the Spanish Civil War, famously depicted in Picasso's painting.

totalitarian state

A system of government that seeks complete control over all aspects of public and private life.

hypernationalism

An extreme form of nationalism that promotes the interests of one nation over others.

Great Depression

A global economic crisis in the 1930s marked by widespread unemployment and hardship.

inflation

A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

institutionalization of power

The establishment of a political structure to maintain control, typical in totalitarian regimes.

Canton

The only city in China allowed for European trade until the 19th century.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

World War I

A global war centered in Europe from 1914 to 1918 that had profound political and social consequences.

Russian Revolution

A series of events in 1917 that led to the overthrow of the tsarist regime and establishment of a communist government.

U.S. tariffs

Taxes imposed on imports that contributed to the trade decline during the Great Depression.

nationalization

The process of taking private assets into public ownership, significant in the Mexican oil industry.

capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and free markets.

economic interventionism

Government policies aiming to regulate or control aspects of the economy.

collectives

Large farms owned and operated by groups of peasants in the Soviet Union under collectivization.

proletariat

The working-class people who, according to Marxist theory, would rise against the bourgeoisie.

Marxism

A socio-economic theory that criticizes capitalism and advocates for a classless society.

civil liberties

Fundamental rights and freedoms protected from government infringement.

autocracies

Governments run by a single entity with absolute power, often seen in Russia and China during this period.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

self-determination

The right of people to determine their political status and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.