Biol 207 Exam 2 pt. 2

What are the three main components of the brain?

Cerebrum; cerebellum; brain stem

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

Midbrain; pons; and medulla oblongata.

What is the function of Broca’s area?

Speech production and vocalization.

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

Understanding language and word meaning.

What type of aphasia causes broken; slow speech but good comprehension?

Broca’s (non-fluent) aphasia.

What type of aphasia causes fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension?

Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia.

What brain structure is key for forming and retrieving memories?

Hippocampus.

What brain structure processes fear and threat-related memories?

Amygdala.

What are the two types of declarative memory?

Semantic (facts) and episodic (events).

What is nondeclarative memory?

Memory of skills; habits; and conditioning (implicit memory).

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

What neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic neurons?

Acetylcholine (ACh).

What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

Norepinephrine or epinephrine.

What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

Acetylcholine (ACh).

What do nicotinic receptors respond to?

Acetylcholine; excitatory; found in skeletal muscle and CNS.

What do muscarinic receptors respond to?

Acetylcholine; excitatory or inhibitory; found in visceral organs.

What type of receptor uses IP3/DAG as a second messenger?

α1 adrenergic receptors.

What type of receptor uses cAMP as a second messenger?

β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors.

What are the effects of β1 activation?

Increases heart rate and cardiac contraction.

What are the effects of β2 activation?

Relaxes smooth muscles (bronchioles ;uterus; digestive tract).

What division of the ANS causes mass activation?

Sympathetic nervous system.

What division of the ANS causes selective activation?

Parasympathetic nervous system.

What is dual innervation?

When both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems affect the same organ.

What is the purpose of reflexes?

Maintain muscle tone and prevent tissue damage.

What are the three receptor classifications by location?

Exteroceptors; interoceptors; and proprioceptors.

What are the five functional receptor types?

Chemoreceptors; mechanoreceptors; thermoreceptors; photoreceptors; nociceptors.

What receptors are used for taste?

Chemoreceptors.

What receptors are used for smell?

Chemoreceptors in nasal cavity (using second messenger cAMP).

What receptors detect pressure and vibration?

Mechanoreceptors.

What receptors detect temperature?

Thermoreceptors.

What receptors detect pain?

Nociceptors.

What receptors detect light?

Photoreceptors (rods and cones).

What do rods detect?

Low light; black and white vision.

What do cones detect?

Bright light and color vision.

What happens to retinal when light strikes it?

Changes from 11-cis to all-trans form.

What happens to a photoreceptor in the dark?

It is depolarized and releases inhibitory neurotransmitters (no signal sent).

What happens to a photoreceptor in the light?

It is hyperpolarized; stops releasing inhibitory NTs; and sends a signal to the brain.

What are the three balance receptors and what do they detect?

Utricle (horizontal); saccule (vertical); semicircular canals (rotation).

What are hair cells and where are they found?

Mechanoreceptors in ear for hearing and balance.

What happens when stereocilia bend toward the tallest cilia?

Cell depolarizes.

What happens when stereocilia bend away from the tallest cilia?

Cell hyperpolarizes.