Nervous System Glossary

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24 Terms

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

sensory input from the viscera and blood vessels, and motor output to involuntary effectors (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)

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Axon

single long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

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cortex

thin, superficial layer of gray matter that covers the cerebrum and cerebellum

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dendrites

highly branched processes of a neuron that carry impulses to the cell body (main receiving or input region)

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Enteric plexus

network of neurons in the walls of the gastrointestinal (GI) track

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Fasciculus

axon bundles of a nerve

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Ganglion (ganglia: plural)

cluster of cell bodies and the synaptic region for neurons located in the PNS

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gray matter

contains cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia

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Interneurons (association neurons)

multipolar neurons located within the CNS that integrate incoming sensory information to elicit a motor response

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Motor (efferent) neuron

multipolar neurons, convey impulses from the CNS out through the PNS to effectors (“involuntary” muscles or glands)

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Nerve

bundle of axons in the PNS

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Nucleus

cluster of cell bodies and the synaptic region for neurons located in the CNS

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Neuroglia

cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons

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Neurons

nervous tissue cells that are specialized for nerve impulse conduction

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Parasympathetic Division

division of the ANS that performs our housekeeping activities and conserves energy (“rest and digest”)

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Perception

our awareness of sensory input (stimuli)

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Sensory (afferent) neurons

unipolar (pseudo-unipolar) neurons, convey stimuli impulses to the CNS for integration

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Sensory Receptors

monitor and transduce changes in our internal and external environments

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spinal cord

gray matter forms an H-shaped inner core surrounded by white matter

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soma

cell body of neurons that contain the typical organelles plus chromatophilic (Nissl) bodies

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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

sensory input from the head, body wall, limbs, and special sense organs and motor output to “voluntary” skeletal muscles

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Sympathetic Division

division of the ANS that is activated under stressful situations (“fight or flight“)

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Tract

bundle of axons in the CNS

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white matter

aggregates of myelinated axons