SC105 Final

Connotative

Words that have a secondary meaning to the literal meaning

Denotative

The literal definition of a word

Style

Word choices made to achieve the goals of a speech

Concrete and Lively Language

Making abstract ideas concrete so the audience can imagine what you are talking about

Clear and Accurate Language

Using words precisely to make sure your message is conveyed without misinterpretation

Respectful Language

Speaking in a way that includes as many people as possible. Don’t exclude people by using language they find disrespectful

Figure

An ear-catching change in the structure of a phrase or sentence

Trope

A figure of speech that gives a new meaning for a word or concept

Figure of Repetition

Grammatical, Progression

Figure of Contrast

Antithesis, Double Antithesis, Double-Reverse Antithesis

Trope of Comparison

Metaphor, Simile

Trope of Substitution

Metonymy

Trope of Exaggeration

Hyperbole, Litotes

Trope of Voice

Personification

Guidelines for Good Stylistic Choice

1. Style should coordinate with your goal

2. Style should coordinate with your speaking occasion

3. Style should coordinate with your topic

4. Style should be used intelligently and sparingly

5. Style as rhetorical spice

Ethos

An appeal based on the speaker’s trustworthiness and expertise

Pathos

An appeal to emotions of the audience

Logos

An appeal based on reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

An argument that uses a number of examples to establish that a generalization is probably true

Deductive Reasoning

An argument that relies on a logical pattern or formula to force a necessary conclusion

Causal Reasoning

A claim that one event, situation, or attribute causes another

Analogical reasoning

A claim that a similarity exists between two objects or actions

Reasoning From Signs

A claim that one event, situation, or attribute precedes another

Reasoning from Authority

A claim that a statement is true because of the expertise of its source

Data

The foundation or basis for the claim

Claim

The conclusion of the argument or the statement the speaker wishes the audience to believe

Warrant

The reasoning that authorizes the inferential leap from the data to the claim

Backing

The support for the warrant

Reservation

Exceptions that might be offered to the claim

Qualifier

The degree of certainty with which the advocate makes the claim

Attention

Introduction, Stress relevance, establish credibility, thesis, preview main points

Need

Identify what the problem is

Satisfaction

Explain the solution

Visualization

Paint a picture with words of how the solution will make things better

Action

Show how to implement the solution