Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A system that helps regulate blood pressure in the body through vasoconstriction and increased blood volume.

Renin

An enzyme released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls, converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.

Angiotensin I

A peptide formed from angiotensinogen by renin, which is converted to angiotensin II by ACE.

Angiotensin II

A potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and triggering aldosterone release.

Aldosterone

A hormone released from the adrenal cortex that prompts kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium.

ACE Inhibitors

Medications that inhibit the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme, preventing conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Medications that block the actions of angiotensin II, helping to lower blood pressure.

Common side effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs

Includes mild headache, dizziness, fatigue, hypotension, and tachycardia.

Hyperkalemia

A condition caused by decreased potassium excretion in urine, potentially leading to high potassium levels.

Angioedema

Swelling caused by bradykinin accumulation, often associated with ACE inhibitors and can be life-threatening.

Contraindications for ACE inhibitors and ARBs

Should be avoided in patients taking potassium-sparing diuretics and those with renal stenosis.

Black Box Warning for ACE inhibitors and ARBs

Indicates risk of fetal injury or death; should not be used during pregnancy.

Patient education for ARB or ACE inhibitor

Includes understanding medication purpose, avoiding potassium-rich supplements, and recognizing side effects.

Lifestyle modifications for blood pressure management

Encouraging weight loss, smoking cessation, decreased alcohol intake, increased physical activity, and a low sodium diet.

Baseline assessment for patients on ARBs or ACE inhibitors

Includes checking vital signs and reviewing laboratory tests such as CBC, sodium, potassium, creatinine.

Rebound hypertension

A potential risk if an ACE inhibitor or ARB is discontinued abruptly.

Position changes after starting hypertension medication

Patients should make position changes slowly to avoid hypotension after first doses.