Cell Division

Cells

Have the ability to metabolize, digest food, dispose of wastes, reproduce, grow, move, respond to a stimulus

Liver

This is where metabolization happens

Irritability

Ability of animals to respond to a stimulus

Replication

The act or process of making an exact copy, duplication, or repetition of something

Sexual reproduction

Combination of two cells, male and female

Asexual reproduction

Cells that divides either through replication or reproduction

Cell division

The one that divides are particularly cells with nucleus

Eukaryotic process

Complex cellular activities and biological operations that take place inside __ cells, which are defined by having a true, membrane-bound nucleus and specialized organelles

Interphase, mitotic phase

Cell division involves the cell cycle __ and __

Two genetically identical daughter cells

The final result of cell division

Interphase

In between telophase and prophase, longer process than mitosis

Interphase

Not a resting phase, chromosomes undergo growth, maturity, and duplication then divides because it is needed in mitosis

Mitosis

A process of nuclear division, followed by cytokinesis

Mitosis

Where division starts, can either start in cytoplasm or nucleus

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm

Mitosis

The division of the nucleus

Interphase

Prepares the cell for division

Interphase

Cell growth and DNA replication snd M Phase

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

M phase

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Mitosis process

DNA replication and cell growth

Events of interphase

Prepares cell for division

Outcomes of interphase

Chromosome condense, spindle forms

Events of prophase

Chromosome visible

Outcomes of prophase

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Events of pro-metaphase

Spindle attaches to chromosomes

Outcomes of pro-metaphase

Chromosome align at equator

Events of metaphase

Ensures equal distribution

Outcomes of metaphase

Sister chromatids separate

Events of anaphase

Chromatids move to poles

Outcomes of anaphase

Nuclear envelope reforms

Events of telophase

Two nuclei form

Outcomes of telophase

Cytoplasm divides

Events of cytokinesis

Two daughter cells

Outcomes of cytokinesis

Centrosome

Where do centrioles come from?

Two bodies

One centriole equals to

Nucleus

Center of cell

Four

Centrosome has how many centrioles?

Two goes left, two goes right

Where do the centrioles go to elongate the cell?

Centrioles

If u separate centrosome, what will you have?

Two chromatids

One mature chromosomes becomes?

One mature chromosome

Two chromatids become?

Chromatid

Centrosome is divided because of the pressure from __, since it divides into many

Centrosome

This moves because of pressure from too many chromosomes that divides inside the nucleus

Chromatin granules

Chromosome from dot-like structure

Prophase

Form spindle fiber from centrioles

Spindle fiber

Four centrioles divided and produced __

Mitotic spindle

Spindle fiber

Asters

Outside, during prophase, there is something that radiates called __

Centromere

Located at the center of one chromosome

Centromere

Holds the two chromatid

Microtubule

Bigger than microfilaments

Metaphase plate

When all the chromosomes have lined up together in the middle

Anaphase

Sister chromatids now separate

Telophase

Presence of a cleavage furrow

Cleavage furrow

Tear in the middle of a cytoplasm during cytoplasmic division where the cell separates to create two daughter cells

Mitosis

Body cells divide except for sex cells

Meiosis

Sex cells division

Errors

Chromosomal abberation that affects both mitosis and meiosis

Errors

__ in division like nondisjunction can cause developmental problems in vertebrates

Fish embryos

In __, cell division is extremely rapid during early development

Meroblastic

Cleavage is __ because fish eggs have large yolks, only part of the egg cytoplasm divides

Incomplete

Meroblastic

Blastomere

Cell from zygote, a fertilized egg, divides into many cells called __

Blastodisc

When you look at this cell through a microscope, upper view which makes it appear to be one cell

Blastoderm

Cell division in reptiles like turtles, lizards, snakes, and birds occurs in a small disc of cytoplasm above the yolk similar to fish, this leads to the formation of __

Embyro

Cell division in reptiles and birds, this leads to the formation of blastoderm, which later develops into __

Meroblastic cleavage, incomplete

What is the cell division in fishes, reptiles, and birds?

Holoblastic cleavage

Amphibians liks frogs undergo __ because their yolk is moderate in size

Complete division

Holoblastic cleavage

Animal pole

The entire yolk of amphibians divides, though evenly, smaller cells form at the __

Vegetal pole

The entire yolk of amphibians divides, though evenly, larger yolk-rich cells at the __

Holoblastic cleavage

Mammals undergo __ because their eggs have little yolk

Cell division in mammals

Division is slower compared to fish or amphibians

X chromosome

Swims faster than Y chromosome

One egg cell

Two sperm cells can enter this

Meroblastic cleavage

Big egg yolk so there is no more space to create all cells

Holoblastic cleavage

All cells have divided equally so there is many space and the yolk is small

Morula, blastocyst

Early cell division of mammals produces a __ and then a __

Morula

Solid ball of cells

Blastocyst

This is implanted in the uterus

16 cells

Morula

Holoblastic

What is the cell division in amphibians and mammals?

Partial division of yolk

Division pattern of fish

Disc-like division

Division pattern of birds

Complete but unequal

Division pattern of amphibians

Disc-like division

Division pattern of reptiles which is similar to birds

Complete division

Division pattern of mammals

Blastodisc

Outcome of cell division of fish

Blastoderm

Outcome of cell division of Birds

Animal vs vegetal poles

Outcome of cell division of Amphibians

Blastoderm

Outcome of cell division of Reptiles

Morula, blastocyst

Outcome of cell division of Mammals

Cell life cycle

Is a series of changes the cell experiences from the time it is formed until it divides

Interphase, metabolic phase

Cell grows and carries on metabolic processes, longer phase of the cell cycle

Cell division

Cell reproduces itself

Cell division

Cell pass through a series of stages

Gap 1, synthesis, gap 2

Stages of interphase

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Stages of mitosis

Gap 1

Metabolic changes prepare the cell for cell division, the first major growth stage of interphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle