Organic Reactions

What reaction occurs in a catalytic converter?

2NO + 2CO → N₂ + 2CO₂

What is the catalyst in a catalytic converter?

Pt

What is the initiation step to form a chlorine radical?

Cl₂ → 2Cl∙

What are the conditions for forming a free-radical?

UV light

How does Cl∙ deplete the ozone layer?

∙Cl + O₃ → O₂ + ClO∙

ClO∙ + O₃ → 2O₂ + Cl∙

What is the reaction for the fermentation of glucose?

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

What are the conditions for fermentation?

Yeast (catalyst) and warm, but not above 37°C

What is the reaction for the hydration of ethene?

C₂H₄ + H₂O → C₂H₅OH

What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?

Conc. H₃PO₄ catalyst, steam, high temperature and pressure

What 3 equations do you use to show how fermentation is carbon-neutral? (just name)

Photosynthesis, fermentation, combustion of ethanol

What is the reaction for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal, using \[O\]?

CH₃CH₂OH + \[O\] → CH₃CHO + H₂O under distillation

What is the reaction for the oxidation of ethanal to ethanoic acid, using \[O\]?

CH₃CHO + \[O\] → CH₃COOH under reflux

What is the recation for the reduction of an aldehyde (CH₃CHO) by nucleophilic addition, using \[H\]?

CH₃CHO + 2\[H\] → CH₃CH₂OH

What is the reation for the reduction of ketones (CH₃COCH₃) by nucleophilic addition, using \[H\]?

CH₃COCH₃ + 2\[H\] → CH₃CHOHCH₃

What is the essential reagent in the reduction of carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) and what is the nucleophile?

H₂O/NaBH₄, H⁻ is the nucleophile

What is the reaction for the reduction of an aldehyde (CH₃CHO) using HCN?

CH₃CHO + H⁺ + CN⁻ → CH₃CH(OH)CN under reflux

What is the reaction for the oxidation of a secondary alcohol (CH₃CHOHCH₃), using \[O\]?

CH₃CHOHCH₃ + \[O\] → CH₃COCH₃ + H₂O, under reflux

What is the reaction for the reduction of aldehydes (CH₃CHO) by hydrogenation?

CH₃CHO + H₂ → CH₃CH₂OH, Ni or Pt catalyst

What is the reaction for the reduction of ketones (CH₃COCH₃) by hydrogenation?

CH₃COCH₃ + H₂ → CH₃CHOHCH₃, Ni or Pt catalyst

What is the reaction to go from a nitrile to COOH group? (C₂H₅CN)

C₂H₅CN + 2H₂O → C₂H₅COOH + NH₃, acidic conditions (dil. HCl)

What is the reaction to go from a nitrile (C₂H₅CN) to a 1° amine, using \[H\]?

C₂H₅CN + 4\[H\] → C₂H₅CH₂NH₂, H₂/Ni catalyst reduction

What is the reaction for esterification (ethanoic acid + methanol)?

CH₃COOH + CH₃OH → CH₃COOCH₃ + H₂O, H₂SO₄ catalyst

Whats the reaction for the hydrolysis of esters (methyl ethanoate) under acidic conditions?

CH₃COOCH₃ + H₂O → CH₃COOH + CH₃OH, refulx

Whats the reaction for the hydrolysis of esters (methyl ethanoate) under alkaline conditions?

CH₃COOCH₃ + NaOH → CH₃COO⁻ Na⁺ + CH₃OH, reflux

What is the reaction for the catalyst used in the acylation of benzene? (CH₃COCl)

CH₃COCl + AlCl₃ → CH₃CO⁺ + AlCl₄⁻

What is the overall equation for the nitration of benzene? (C₆H₆ + HNO₃)

C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O

What 2 acids are needed for the nitration of benzene?

**Concentrated** H₂SO₄ and **Concentrated** HNO₃

What is the equation for the formation of the nitronium in (NO₂⁺)?

H₂SO₄ + HNO₃ → HSO₄⁻ + H₂O + NO₂⁺

What is the reaction for nitrobenzene to phenylamine, using \[H\]?

C₆H₅NO₂ + 6\[H\] → C₆H₅NH₂ + 2H₂O, Sn/HCl catalyst, NaOH solution

What is the reaction to go from an amide to an amine, using \[H\]?

CH₃CONH₂ + 4\[H\] → CH₃CH₂NH₂ + H₂O

What is the reaction and conditions to go from a 1° alcohol (C₂H₅OH) to an alkene (C₂H₄)?

C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O, Conc. H₂SO₄

What are the conditions and reaction for going from an alcohol (C₂H₅OH) to a bromoalkane?

C₂H₅OH + HBr → C₂H₅Br + H₂O, with H₂SO₄ and under reflux

How does Chlorine react with water WITHOUT UV light?

Cl₂ + H₂O → 2H⁺ + ClO⁻ + Cl⁻

How does chlorine react with water in the prescence of UV light?

Cl₂ + H₂O → 2HCl + 0.5O₂