EXAM 3 PCR

the uptake of a small piece of DNA from the surrounding environment and the expression of that genetic information in a recipient cell, which depends on competence, which refers to the ability of a recipient cell to take up extracellular DNA from the environment

transformation

• a bacteriophage carries a chromosomal DNA fragment from a donor to a recipient

• the phage can destroy hosts

transduction

• F factor (plasmid) carries DNA

• cell-to-cell contact for gene transfer

conjugation

can donate chromosomal genes rather than just the F plasmid

Hfr conjugation

generalized transduction

package random fragments of bacterial DNA into a phage rather than phage DNA

specialized transduction

transfer specific genes into a phage

sterilization

destruction of all living microbes, spores, and viruses

sanitization

reduction of pathogens

antiseptics

agents to destroy pathogens on living tissue

disinfectants

agents to reduce numbers of viable microorganisms on non-living surfaces or in a product

thermal death time

The time necessary for killing the population at a specified temperature

thermal death point

The lowest temperature that will kill all the microbes in 10 minutes

autoclave

heat at 121°C under 15 PSI for 30 minutes

Pasteurization

heat at 63°C for 30 minutes

flash pasteurization

heat at 71.6°C for 15 seconds

ultra high temperature method

heat at 140°C for three seconds

HEPA

air filtration

ultraviolet light

sterilize air and surface

X rays and gamma rays

sterilize heat-sensitive materials such as food

How does salting preserve food?

 

diffuse water out of organisms by osmosis

chlorine

widely used in municipal water and swimming pool

iodine

used antiseptic for wounds

Clorox bleach (sodium hypochlorite)

sanitizing commercial and factory equipment

chloramine

disinfectant for drinking water

soap

compounds of fatty acids combined with potassium or sodium

quaternary ammonium compounds

synthetic chemicals as a cationic derivative

aldehyde

Disinfect and sterilize optical equipment, such as the fiber-optic endoscopes

ethylene oxide

Sterilize paper, leather, wood, metal, and rubber products as well as plastics. and it also sterilize catheters, artificial heart valves, heart-lung machine components, and optical equipment

chloride dioxide

Sanitize air ducts, food and meat processing plants, and hospital areas

bright microscopy

see stained sample

biochemical test

measure a substrate, an end-product of an enzyme reaction of metabolic pathway by detecting a color change

mass spectrometry

detect a specific biomarker pattern

polymerase chain reaction

amplify the tiny amounts of DNA that might be present in a sample millions or billions of times

antibody test

detects a specific antigen

Schick test determines a patient’s immunity to diphtheria due to existence of neutralizating antibody in the patient’s blood. Neutralizing antibody would be produced when the patient was contracted with the diphtheria. Diphtheria toxin is injected intradermally on the patient’s skin. If this patient is susceptible to diphtheria, which means that this patient has not been infected with diphtheria at all, what would be the result of the Schick test theoretically?

 

red, swollen skin reaction

In precipitation reaction, a lattice, or a zone of equivalence is formed as a visible mass of particles between two wells of an antigen and its complementary antibody. What is the meaning of the zone of equivalence?

 

It indicates that antigen and antibody interacted to form an antigen-antibody lattices

precipitation

is caused by cross-linking between soluble antigen and antibody

neutralization

detoxify toxic antigens by binding to it

aggregation

is caused by clumping between insoluble antigen and antibody with latex beads

immunodiffusion

a precipitation test

immunoelectrophoresis

an electrical field is applied to move different antigens through the agarose depending on its mass and charge

passive agglutination

serum antibodies can be detected by observing agglutination of the carrier particle that adsorbed antigens on or vice versa

hemagglutination

the agglutination of red blood cells; Coombs test; blood-typing

hemagglutination inhibition test

if serum antibodies neutralize the antigens, agglutination fails to occur

• Heat the patient’s serum to destroy any complement present in the serum

• Antigens and guinea pig complement added to the serum

test system

sheep RBC and anti-sheep antibodies added

indicator system

if patient's serum contains antibody by infection…

•  guinea pig complement will be used up or “fixed”

•  there is no hemolysis of sheep RBC

fluorescent antibody technique

uses flurescent dyes to tag

radioimmunoassay

uses radioactivie isotope

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

uses horse-radish peroxidase