Exam 1 Practice BIOL 2320 Microbiology lab

Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires

water

a gradient

the expenditure of ATP

diffusion

diffusion

In ____ microscopy, a stop disk is used to block all light from entering the objective lens.

Bright field

Fluorescence

phase contrast

Compound light

Dark field

Dark field

____ bacteria have a cluster of flagella at one pole.

Monotrichous

Peritrichous

Amphitrichous

Atrichous

Lophotrichous

Lophotrichous

___ stains have a negative charge.

Acidic

Basic

Acidic

Movement of solvent molecules across the membrane down its concentration gradient is:

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated diffusion

The ____ school of thought refers to the belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.

Abiogenesis

Biogenesis

Abiogenesis

____ refers to the ingestion of liquid droplets by the cell.

Exocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Motility is best seen with a

negative stain

hanging drop preparation

streak plate

flagellar stain

hanging drop preparation

____ refers to the bending or change in the light rays angle passing into the lens.

Resolution

Refraction

Magnification

Refraction

Which is the correct order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

species, family, class, order, phylum, kingdom

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

division, domain, kingdom, class, genus, species

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function?

motility

adhesion

transport

support

support

The phospholipid molecule contains a charged ____ head, and uncharged ____ tails.

polar; polar

polar; nonpolar

nonpolar; polar

nonpolar; nonpolar

polar; nonpolar

Which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?

focusing screw

condenser

specimen holder

lens

condenser

____ is the helical-shaped bacterium that is flexible.

spirillum

vibrio

spirochete

spirochete

Bacteria tend to stain more readily with positively charged dyes because bacteria

are neutral

contain large amounts of alkaline substances

have thick cell walls

contain large amount of acidic substances

contain large amounts of acidic substances

Bacteria are mostly ____ charged which usually attracts the ____ stains.

positive; basic

negative; basic

negative; acidic

positive; acidic

negative; basic

____ microscopy is used in the hospitals and clinical labs for diagnosis of some diseases.

Dark field

Compound light

Phase contrast

Bright field

Fluorescense

Fluorescense

___ was the first synthetic drug used in the treatment of a disease.

salvarsan

sulfa drug

antibiotics

salvarsan

Which of the following kingdoms is (are) not multicellular eukaryotic?

Protista

Mycetae and Protista

Mycetae

Planta

Mycetae and Plantae

Protista

In a ____ solution, the concentration of the solute in the medium (solution) is higher than that inside the cell.

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Hypertonic

The oil immersion lens ____ the refraction and ____ the resolution.

decreases; increases

decreases both

increases both

increases; decreases

decreases; increases

A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a

diplococcus

tetrad

micrococcus

sarcinae

sarcinae

An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is

chemoautotroph

photoheterotroph

photoautotroph

chemoheterotroph

photoautotroph

True pili can be found on:

both answers

gram-negative

neither answers

gram positive

gram negative

____ cell walls do not have peptidoglycan.

prokaryotic

eukaryotic

eukaryotic

____ staining is a staining procedure for diagnosis of tuberculosis and leprosy.

gram

negative

acid-fast

simple

acid-fast

The major locomotor structures in bacteria are

flagella

pili

fimbriae

cilia

flagella

____ is the synthesis site for glycogen, lipid, and steroid.

golgi complex

rough er

lysosome

smooth er

smooth er

The major difference between a spirochete and a spirillum is

a cell with coils

size

presence of flagella

the nature of motility

the nature of motility

The spherical (round) bacteria that remain attached after dividing to form a chain are:

Diplococci

Streptococci

Staphylococci

Sarcinae

Tetrads

Streptococci

____ contains 40 digestive enzymes in charge of breaking down different molecules.

golgi complex

rough er

lysosome

smooth er

lysosome

A substance that would be moved by passive transport is

water

sugar

food detritus

amino acids

water

Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?

mushroom

algae

protozoa

bacteria

mushroom

____ is the measuring unit usually used for viruses.

nanometer

micrometer

millimeter

nanometer

In a ____ solution, the concentration of solutes in the medium (solution) is lower than that inside the cell.

isotonic

hypotonic

hypertonic

hypotonic

Bacterial endospores function in

survival

storage

reproduction

protein synthesis

survival

Pili are tubular shafts in ______ bacteria that serve as a means of _________.

gram-positive, attachment

gram-positive, genetic exchange

gram-negative, protection

gram-negative, genetic exchange

gram-negative, genetic exchange

The total magnification of a specimen using the high dry lens is:

10x

4x

40x

400x

400x

A ____ cell wall is more complex and lack Teichoic acid.

gram negative

gram postive

gram negative

A hypothesis can be defined as:

a knowledge based on belief

a belief based on knowledge

a scientific explanation that is subject to testing

a theory that has been thoroughly tested

a scientific explanation that is subject ot testing

When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered

a law

proved

a speculation

a theory

a theory

A prominent difference between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells is the ______.

a lack of pigmentation in eucaryotes

larger size of prokaryotes

presence of a cell wall in prokaryotes

presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes

presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes

Aseptic techniques refer to the process of destroying all forms of life including spores from the objects and materials.

false

true

false

____ in eukaryotes can function as feeding and filtering structures.

flagella

fimbriae

cilia

pili

cilia

According to Pasteur, yeasts convert the sugars to ____ in the absence of air.

vinegar

alcohol

alcohol

Resolution is ______ with a longer wavelength of light.

improved

not changed

worsened

not possible

worsened

Eukaryotes are organisms which lack nucleus and organelles.

false

true

false

A microscope that has a total magnification of 1500X with the oil immersion lens has an ocular of what power?

30x

150x

1.5x

15x

15x

Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in

algae

protozoa

fungi

protozoa

____ is the storage body which is also a source of building blocks for nucleic acid and ATP synthesis.

granule

ribosome

spore

cyst

granule

Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?

Francesco Redi

Louis Pasteur

Rober Koch

Joseph Lister

Louis Pasteur

Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells?

a nucleoid

cell membrane

ribosomes

capsule

capsule

The process of observing an event and then constructing a hypothesis to explain it involves

guesswork

inductive reasoning

deductive reasoning

a controlled experiment

deductive reasoning

Which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing sterile laboratory techniques?

Carl von Linne

Louis Pasteur

John Tyndall

Robert Koch

Robert Koch

Prokaryotic DNA contains Histone and nonhistone proteins.

false

true

false

Synthetic drugs are chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms.

true

false

false

The spherical bacteria that remain attached in cubical packets of 8 cells are called ____.

streptococci

staphylococci

sarcinae

diplococci

tetrads

sarcinae

The bacterial surface coating organized into a defined structure is called:

slime layer

endospore

capsule

capsule

A real image is produced by the

eye

objective

condenser

ocular

objective

Which of the following is correct regarding the binomial nomenclature concept?

only genus name is capitalized

both names are capitalized

only species names are capitalized

only species name is italicized

only genus name is italicized

only genus name is capitalized

Which of the following is in the correct order from most common to least common characteristics?

family, order, class, phylum

genus, species, family, order

kingdom, phylum, class, order

family, order, class, phylum

____ bacteria have flagella at both ends.

atrichous

lophotrichous

amphitrichous

peritrichous

monotrichous

amphitrichous

Which of the following refers to the study of fungi?

parasitology

virology

bacteriology

mycology

mycology

____ is the dormant form of bacteria which resist drying, but not heat.

spore

granule

cyst

ribosome

cyst

The low power objective lens magnifies the image of a specimen by:

4x

400x

10x

100x

40x

10x

______ refers to organisms that use organic chemical substances as their main source of carbon, and light as their main source of energy.

photoheterotrophs

photoautotrophs

chemoheterotrophs

chemoautotrophs

photoheterotrophs

_______ refers to chemoheterotrophs that live on dead matter.

saprobe

non-sulfur bacteria

methanogen

parasite

saprobe

An increase in the substrate concentration above maximum saturation level will ______ the reaction rate.

not affect

decrease

increase

not affect

Many coenzymes are

vitamins

proteins

metals

substrates

vitamins

An enzyme

is nonspecific for substrate

is heat and pH labile

is consumed by the reaction

becomes part of the final products

is heat and pH labile

Energy in biological systems is primarily

mechanical

electrical

chemical

radiant

chemical

In negative feedback control of enzymes, a build-up in the amount of _____ decreases the activity in the enzyme.

substrate

product

reactant

ATP

product

The protein portion of a conjugated enzyme is called _______.

holoenzyme

apoenzyme

coenzyme

apoenzyme

A reduced compound is

FAD

NAD

ADP

NADH

NADH

______ is the process resulting in the synthesis of macromolecules and cellular structures.

catabolism

anabolism

anabolism

______ catalyzes reactions that create bonds joining smaller molecules to each other in order to make longer ones, coupled with hydrolysis of ATP.

hydrolase

transferase

lyase

ligase

ligaseLígase

An apoenzyme is where the _________ is located.

coenzyme

active site

redox reaction

cofactor

active site

An enzyme _______ the activation energy required for a chemical reaction.

catalyzes

converts

increases

lowers

lowers

_______ organisms use neither sunlight nor organic nutrients.

chemoautotrophs

photoautotrophs

phtoheterotrophs

chemoheterotrophs

chemoautotrophs

_______ enzymes are produced only when their substrates are present.

induced

constitutive

induced

Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which _________ molecules are converted into __________ molecules.

large,small

amino acid, protein

small, large

food, storage

large, small

Organic cofactors are called _______.

coenzyme

holoenzyme

apoenzyme

coenzyme

Combination of protein and nonprotein portions of conjugated enzyme creates whole active enzyme called:

holoenzyme

coenzyme

apoenzymea conjugated

holoenzyme

Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of __________.

high-energy ATP bonds

inorganic phosphate

ADP

coenzymes

high-energy ATP bonds

Exergonic reactions

form bonds

consume energy

release potential energy

occur only outside the cell

release potential energy

Most oxidation reactions in microbial bioenergetics involve the

addition of oxygen

addition of electrons and hydrogens

removal of oxygen

removal of electrons and hydrogens

removal of electrons and hydrogens

_______ is the metabolic process that releases energy.

catabolism

anabolism

catabolism

Which characteristic distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell?

prokaryotic cells contain DNA

prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane

prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes

prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus

prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus

What happens to an enzyme during a chemical reaction that it catalyzes?

it remains available to catalyze additional reactions

it is permanently consumed

it becomes part of the final product

it is converted into ATP

it remains available to catalyze additional reactions

Which structure is found in eukaryotic cells but is generally absent from prokaryotic cells?

membrane-bound nucleus

plasma membrane

ribosomes

cytoplasm

membrane-bound nucleus

Which structure is most directly responsible for helping many bacterial cells maintain their shape and resist changes in osmotic pressure?

cell wall

nucleoid

capsule

ribosome

cell wall

During a Gram stain, what is the function of Gram’s iodine?

it removes crystal violet from gram-negative cells

it stains gram-negative cells pink

it acts as a mordant that helps retain the crystal violet stain

it serves as the counterstain

it acts as a mordant that helps retain the crystal violet stain

A bacterial cell is examined under a microscope. Its DNA is located in a region that is not surrounded by a membrane. What is this region called?

nucleolus

nucleus

nucleoid

centrosome

nucleoid