Types of Joints, Tendons and reflex arc

Structural Joint Classification Categories (3)

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Types of fibrous joints (3)

Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis

Types of cartilaginous joints (2)

Symphysis, Synchondrosis

Fibrous joints

Fibrous connective tissue joins 2 bones

Suture

Fibrous joint: found between the bones of the skull

Syndesmosis

Fibrous joint: bones held together by a band of connective tissue e.g. joints between radius-ulna

Gomphosis

Fibrous joint: Periodontal ligament binding teeth into mandible/maxillae; no movement

Cartilaginous joints

Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage joins 2 bones

Symphysis

Cartilaginous joint: Thin pad of fibrocartilage between 2 bones; eg between pubic bones, between vertebrae

Synchondrosis

Cartilaginous joint: found between ribs and sternum

Synovial joints

Joint capsule between articulate bones (typically long bones), containing synovial fluid; extensive movement

Gliding

Synovial joint: Flattened or slightly curved articulating surfaces; sliding movement; e.g. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

Hinge

Synovial joint: Concave surface of one bone articulates with a depression of another; bending motion in one plane; e.g. elbow, joints of digits

Pivot

Synovial joint: Conical surface of one bone articulates with a depression of another; rotation about a central axis rotational movement; e.g. proximal radioulnar joint, first vertebrae and skull

Condyloid

Synovial joint: Oval condyle of one bone articulates with cavity of another; biaxial movement (moves in 2 directions); e.g. wrist

Saddle

Synovial joint: Concave and convex surface on each articulating bone; wide range of movement; biaxial movement; e.g. carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb.

Ball and Socket

Synovial joint: Rounded convex surface of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of another; movement in all planes and rotation; e.g. hip joints and shoulder joints

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

Condyloid, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle, Ball & Socket, Gliding

Fibrous Joint (Suture)

type of joint indicated in image

Cartilaginous Joint (Symphysis)

type of joint indicated in image

Synovial (Hinge)

type of joint indicated in image

Synovial (Gliding)

type of joint indicated in image

Synovial (Pivot)

type of joint indicated in image

Synovial (Saddle)

type of joint indicated in image

Synovial (Condyloid)

type of joint indicated in image

Synovial (Ball and Socket)

type of joint indicated in image

Subluxation

reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

Tendons

• Attach muscle (usually) to bone

• Found at either end of the muscle and non-contractile

• Aponeurosis

  • Flattened tendon

  • Most commonly associated with flat muscle

  • Attach muscle to soft tissue

Origin:

proximal to muscle attachment

Insertion

distal from muscle attachment

Ligament

attaches bone to bone

What does tendons attach?

It attaches muscle to bone

Aponeurosis

flattened tendon attached to soft tissue rather than bone

reflex arc

1. Sensory nerve (muscle) detects stretch and tells spinal cord

2. Motor nerve from spinal cord passes message to contract

3. Neuromuscular junction - synapse where motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle

Neuromascular junction

the synapse where the motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle

muscle stain

overstretched, torn or twisted muscle

Paralysis

muscle without functioning motor nerve supply so can’t contract

Spasticity

functioning motor nerve but controls from the brain aren’t working

Atrophy

wasting’ of the muscles through inactivity

Hypertrophy

individual myocytes enlarge