3.1 Quest Study Guide

What is binary fission?

when a bacterial cell divides repeatedly, forming millions of bacterial cells that form a colony

What is a petri dish?

a plastic clear container used to culture different types of cells, such as bacteria and molds

What is agar?

a growth media that bacteria grow on

What are colonies?

groups that bacteria grow in

What is an isolation streak?

the process in which bacteria are streaked onto a plate to form colonies to physically separate different species of bacteria to use for identification tests

What are some examples of direct contact?

a kiss, handshake, being sneezed on

What are some examples of indirect contact?

infected surfaces, food, water, air, insects

Which organism is most dangerous and why?

Ebola because it needs the smallest dose in order to infect an individual

What are T-Cells?

white blood cells in the acquired immunity system that remember a pathogen and destroy it, should they encounter it again

What produces T-Cells?

the thymus

What are B-Cells?

white blood cells in the acquired immunity system that produces antibodies to fight off pathogens

Where do B-Cells mature?

in the bone marrow

Equation for R₀

R₀ = number of new cases ÷ number of existing cases

What is the R₀ if there are 2000 new cases and 15 existing cases?

R₀ ≈ 133

How infectious is the disease agent if the R₀ is 133?

Very infectious because one person could infect 133 people

What is the chain of infection?

Agent of Disease (Pathogen) —> Reservoir ( Animals, etc) —> Portal of Exit (Respiratory tract, etc) —> Mode of Transmission (Indirect/Direct) —> Portal of Entry (Respiratory tract, etc) —> Susceptible hosts (elderly, etc)

Identify characteristics of the bacteria sample

white, flat, circular, entire,

What is macroscopic?

when certain characteristics can be seen with the naked eye

What is microscopic?

when certain characteristics can only be seen under a microscope, or other tool to see things at a microscopic level

What term is used to describe this bacterial morphology?

Cocci (coccus)

What is the name of this bacterial cell arrangement?

Chain

What is the name of this bacterial cell arrangement?

Staphylococci

What do gram negative bacteria have that gram positive bacteria don’t?

Lipopolysaccharide and and outer membrane

What do gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria have in common?

They both have peptidoglycan and a cell membrane

What color do gram positive bacteria turn after they’ve gone through the gram staining process?

Purple

What color do gram negative bacteria turn after they’ve gone through the gram staining process?

Pink

Describe prions

Non-living, sub-microscopic, proteins that cause normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally

Describe viruses

Non-living, microscopic, agents made up of an outer protein shell (capsid) and either DNA or RNA that take over the cells’ protein synthesis processes and destroy the host’s cells and tissues

Describe bacteria

Living, microscopic, unicellular, prokaryote organisms that can invade cells, cause tissue damage, and produce harmful toxins

Describe protists

Living, microscopic, single-celled, eukaryotic, animal-like organisms that causes organ and tissue damage and infect the digestive tract, blood or organs, depriving the host of essential nutrients

Describe fungi

Living, multicellular eukaryote organisms that cause tissue damage

Describe helminths

Living, multicellular, eukaryotic worms that deprive the host of essential nutrients and can cause tissue/organ damage

What was infected at GNMH that caused the nosocomial infection?

Antiseptic wipes

What is an antibody?

a protein produced by B-Cells in the blood to repair pathogens

What is herd immunity?

a form of artificially acquired immunity that occurs when the majority of a population has been given a vaccine and becomes resistant to an infection

What are phagocytes?

cells that patrol the lungs and eat and digest invaders

What are normal flora?

live on the skin and in the intestines; secrete chemicals to keep foreign invaders out and prevent them from attaching

What are secretions?

urine, vaginal discharge (in females), and defecation that work to flush out organisms

Passive vs Active Immunity

Passive is when you are given antibodies and active is when you make your own antibodies

What bacteria was present in Patient 1?

Bacillus megaterium

What bacteria was present in Patient 2?

Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli

What bacteria was present in Patient 3?

Escherichia coli