Psychology 2 Semester Review Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing Psychology 2 semester material.

What is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?

Psychology

List the 4 major goals of studying psychology.

Describe, Explain, Predict, Control/change behavior

What is the focus of the Behavioral perspective in Psychology?

Learning from the environment and how it shapes behavior

Who are two psychologists associated with the Behavioral perspective?

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

What is the focus of the Biological perspective in Psychology?

The brain and body, explaining behaviors through genetics, hormones, or brain activity

Who are two psychologists associated with the Biological perspective?

Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga

What is the focus of the Cognitive perspective in Psychology?

Understanding how our thoughts, memories shape our behavior

Who are two psychologists associated with the Cognitive perspective?

Jean Piaget and Ulric Neisser

What is the focus of the Humanistic perspective in Psychology?

Emphasizes personal growth and self-fulfillment

Who are two psychologists associated with the Humanistic perspective?

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

What is the focus of the Psychodynamic perspective in Psychology?

Explores how unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences affect behavior

Who is a psychologist associated with the Psychodynamic perspective?

Sigmund Freud

What is the focus of the Social-cultural perspective in Psychology?

Looks at how society and culture influence our actions

Who are two psychologists associated with the Social-cultural perspective?

Albert Bandura and Lev Vygotsky

What does a Clinical Psychologist do?

Diagnose and treat mental health disorders through therapy and sometimes psychological testing

What is the educational requirement for a Clinical Psychologist?

PhD/PsyD

What does a Counseling Psychologist do?

Helps individuals deal with personal issues, relationship challenges, career concerns

What are the educational requirements for a Counseling Psychologist?

PhD/ PsyD / Master's

What does a Psychiatrist do?

Diagnoses and treats mental health diseases, often using medication alongside therapy

What are the degree requirements for a Psychiatrist?

MD

What does an Industrial/Organizational Psychologist do?

Applies psychological principles to enhance the workplace, employee well-being, productivity, and organizational effectiveness

What is the typically required degree to be an Industrial/Organizational Psychologist?

Master's/Doctoral

List the steps in the Scientific Method.

1) Ask a question 2) Conduct background research 3) Form a hypothesis 4) Conduct an experiment 5) Analyze the Data 6) Draw conclusions 7) Communicate results

What are the Descriptive Research Methods?

Case Study, Naturalistic Observation, Survey, Correlational Study, Experimental Study

What is a Case Study and what are its strengths and weaknesses?

Intensive analysis of an individual unit. Strength: valuable in-depth analysis; Weakness: limited in their generalizability and can be biased

What is Naturalistic Observation and what are its strengths and weaknesses?

Observing subjects in their natural environment. Strength: allows things to happen naturally; Weakness: may not turn out the way people expect without manipulating the situation

What is a Survey and what are its strengths and weaknesses?

Asking a group of people questions to gather info. Strength: Quick; Weakness: can be biased and not everyone is included

What is a Correlational Study and what are its strengths and weaknesses?

Examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. Strength: Identify relationships; Weakness: Lack establishment of cause-effect

What is an Experimental Study and what are its strengths and weaknesses?

Introduces a treatment, procedure, or program to observe the outcome can isolate + manipulate variable. Strength: variable; Weakness: limit generalizability of findings to real-world situations

What is an Independent Variable?

The time they go to sleep is being changed

What is Random Assignment?

Two groups pf teammates, one group goes to sleep at 9:00, the other 11-12

What is a Control Group?

A group of teammates isn't receiving the treatment

What is a Dependent Variable?

The performance is being measured

What is a blind/double blind study?

Players don't know if they are a part of the experimental group.

What is an Experimental Group?

The groups that are being messed with

Label the strength and direction for correlation coefficient values:

-0.80: Strong -, 0.25: weak +, -0.55: Moderate -, -0.30: weak-, -0.95: Strong -

What percentage of scores will fall within one standard deviation in a normal distribution?

68%

What is the Mean?

Average (6.5 in the data set 2,4,4,8,9,24)

What is the Median?

Middle value from lowest to highest (6 in the data set 2,4,4,8,9,24)

What is the Mode?

Appears most frequently (4 in the data set 2,4,4,8,9,24)

What is Informed Consent?

Participants must be fully informed about the nature of the study + potential risks

What is Confidentiality?

Researchers must keep participants personal info private

What is Deception?

When participants are intentionally mislead about the study's purpose/procedures

What is 'Do No Harm' in the ethics application?

Researchers must ensure the physical psychological well-being of participants

What is Debrief in the ethics application?

After the study, participants are informed about the true purpose of the study, and leave without confusion

What is Self-serving bias?

The tendency to attribute our own successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors

What is Fundamental attribution error?

Tendency to overemphasize internal factors and underestimate external factors when explaining other's behavior

What is Foot-in-the-door?

The tendency for people to comply with a large request after first agreeing to a smaller one

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

The psychological discomfort we experience when our attitudes and actions don't align, leading us to change one to fix the discomfort

What is Conformity?

Tendency to align one's behavior, beliefs, or attitudes with those of a group

What is Social facilitation?

Improvement in an individual's performance when they're in the presence of others

What is Social loafing?

Tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to working alone

What is Group polarization?

The tendency for a group's prevailing opinions /attitudes to become more extreme after a group discussion

What is a drive in regard to motivation?

A drive is an internal state that pushes an individual towards satisfying a need/ achieving a goal. It motivates us to take actions that reduce the discomfort caused by unmet needs.

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

Engaging in behavior because it is inherently satisfying or enjoyable

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

Engaging in behavior for external rewards or to avoid negative consequences

What is Achievement Motivation?

Involves a desire for significant accomplishment and success

What is Hunger Motivation?

The physiological need + internal drive that compels living things to eat for survival. Low blood sugar causes awareness. Satisfy the need to move.

What is Intelligence?

The ability to learn, understand, apply knowledge and skills

Define Nature vs. Nurture.

Nature-environmental factors. Nurture human development/behavior can be born smart, but not given the opportunity to use it

What is Savant Syndrome?

Causes people with developmental issues to have exceptional abilities in specific areas. Someone with down syndrome who is a genius in math

What is the G-factor theory of intelligence?

The idea that intelligence is a single, overall ability that influences performance across a variety of cognitive tasks

What is Multiple Intelligence?

Suggests that intelligence is not a single entity, but rather a collection of different types of intelligences

List the 8 intelligences of the Multiple Intelligence theory.

-linguistic, Logical-mathematical, spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalistic, Existential

What is the Triarchic Theory of intelligence?

Intelligence can be understood in 3 broad components: Analytical, Creative, Practical

What is test Reliability?

The consistency of the test results

What is test Validity?

Whether a test actually measures what it is intended to measure. Ensures accuracy and appropriateness of the test

What is the function of the Pons?

Related to both sensory, motor control, and autonomic regulation

What is the function of the Medulla?

Center for life-sustaining functions (autonomic control, reflexes, nerve signal transmission)

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

Coordinates movement + balance, allowing us to walk, run, + perform complex actions

What is the function of the Reticular Formation?

Regulates consciousness, alertness, + basic life function

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

critical for memory formation and learning located in the medial temporal lobe

What is the function of the Thalamus?

Sends sensory info to certain parts of the brain for processing, located in the center of the brain

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

Master regulator, linking the nervous system to the endocrine system. Located below the thalamus, above the pituitary gland

What is the function of the Amygdala?

Emotional processing + emotional memory formation. Located medial temporal lobe

What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?

Motor Cortex-initiating, controling voluntary movements and Broca's Area-language production + speech control

What is the function of the Parietal Lobe?

Processed sensory info from the body (touch, temp., pain). Located behind the frontal lobe's motor cortex

What is the function of the Temporal Lobe?

Wernicke's Area- language comprehension, understanding both spoken + written language, located part of the superior temporal gyrus

What is the function of the Occipital Lobe?

Processes visual info, allows us to see and interpret what we see. Located back of the brain world

What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?

Controls the release of hormones from other endocrine glands

What is the function of the Thyroid Gland?

Produces hormones that regulate metabolism

What is the function of the Adrenal Glands?

Produce cortisol, released in response to stress, helps regulate blood sugar, can effect mood and energy levels.

What is the Neuron?

Nerves cell body-processes signals received by dendrites, Axons - transmits signals to other neurons.

What is Dopamine?

Neurotransmitter influenced pleasure, motivation, & reward

What is Serotonin?

Regulates happiness, anxiety

What is AcH?

Role in muscle activation, attention, learning, memory

When would a CAT Scan be used?

Detailed x-rays to se inside the body

When would a PET Scan be used?

Measures brain metabolism

When would a MRI Scan be used?

Creates detailed Images of brain structures

When would a EEG Scan be used?

Measures brain waves

What are the Sleep Stages?

Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, REM Sleep

What are Sleep Disorders?

Sleep Apnea, Sleepwalking, Insomnia, Narcolepsy

Define Dependence regarding Drug Addiction.

Body's adaption to a drug (cravings)

Define Tolerance regarding Drug Addiction.

Needing larger doses to achieve the same effect as a smaller dose

Define Withdrawal regarding Drug Addiction.

Symptoms that occur when a person reduces or stops using a drug

What is Sensory Adaptation?

Adjusting to the darkness when entering a dimly lit room

What is Vision and what is the receptor?

Source- Light waves striking the eye; Receptor- Rods and cones in the retina

What is Hearing and what is the receptor?

Source- Vibration of air molecules converted to electrical signals; Receptor- Inner hair cells located in the

What is Touch and what is the receptor?

Source- the skin; Receptor- Touch receptors detect physical stimuli respond to

What is Taste and what is the receptor?

Source- Chemical Stimuli in food; Receptor- Taste receptor cells located in taste buds on the tongue, palate, and throat