women in crime exam 4

correction officers vs prison workers

correction officers are not everyone who works in prisons

ex: cafeteria workers, health care workers

correctional= not trained to handle ppl in prisons

prison worker= trained to handle ppl in prison

racial segregation in prisons

most individuals in power were white

african american officers guarded african prisoners

AA women were 38% of jail workers and white women were 48&

gender specific roles in prisons

initially there were womens jobs and mens jobs

mens jobs were anything with prestige and heavy lifting; jury members, prison guards, sheriffs, judges

factors limiting opportunities for women

womens natural inferiority

women should be mothers and caretakers

the men should earn money and women should take care of the home

history of discrimination in the workplace

firing people for gender based reasons- pregnancy

women paid less for same job

deviant women

label for women trying to obtain basic rights- vote, work

racism in the workplace

Discrimination motivated by the intent to degrade and disempower people

sexism in the workplace

Discrimination against women motivated by paternalism and protection

the matron rule

upper middle class white women in prisons were the motherly figure

they were sheriffs wives typically

1822

supervised arrestees, prevented escapes, managed day to day

womens advancement into policing

1832- the first woman hired as prison guard

separation of women prisoners

women as token workers

women chosen to work outside their expected domain

met with great hostility

4 gendered women roles

mother- nurturer

seductress- hired to attend to mens sexual stereotypes

the pet- resident cheerleader

iron maidens- resist all categories

institutionalized sexism

women treated as subordinate to men even if at the same level

paid less

blocked from high aspirations

Katherine Bement Davis

superintendent of new york state reform for women

first woman commissioner of NYC corrections

chair of the first NYC parole panel

kate bernard

stenographer in oklahoma legislature

organized around women’s labor unions and prohibition of child labor and abuse

1st commissioner of oklahoma charities and corrections

Mary Belle harris

first superintendent of federal institution for women

entered a career in prison work

miriam van waters

one of the first to push for recognizing juvenile delinquency

ran an institution for delinquent girls

superintendent of massachusetts reformatory for women

Margaret Moore

first woman to be superintendent of a male prison in pensylvania

deputy commissioner in pensylvania

director of the district of columbia department of corrections

margaret d morisey

superintendent of dwight

overly strict and priorities of security

monitored prisoners for homosexuality

charmaine mcguffey

highest ranking women in history of hamilton county sheriffs department

started as a guard and was promoted to sargeant

an open lesbian

first and only major of court and jail services

won the democratic primary

joint commission recommendations

tried to push the envelope to hire more female prison guards in 1960s

recommended it was necessary to integrate women into guard positions in 1969

title VII (7) in 1972

drafted an amendment of the 1964 civil rights act that says its illegal to base work conditions, hirin, firing on sex religion or national origin

national advisory commission guidelines

1973

saw the establishment or guidelines to recruit or hire women in all prisons and jails

sex discrimination in title VII

The inclusion of sex as a nondiscriminatory characteristic in employment was seen as an attempt to derail the amendment 

equal employment opportunity commission

Federal agency established in 1964 and had the power to prosecute violators of title 7 

limitations of title VII

became more and more costly to litigate over time

men were more advantageous with access to courts

Focused on the more traditional concept of sexual discrimination 

Dothard v. rawlinson

discriminatory height and weight restriction, Rawlinson pushed back

the department could not prove the restrictions were necessary for job performance

everson v michigan department of corrections

abt 500 incarcerated women were supposedly sexually abused

Everson decision was that they should hire more women because male guards were sexually assaulting the women

gunther v iowa state mens reformatory

Agreed that public safety was not a defense to not allowing women to work with men 

Denying women the right to work with incarcerated men 

cross gender supervision

Incarcerated women are more likely to report being sexually abused by guards of opposite sex

yet it was believed that professional and supervisory sex was being monitored there was no reason for cross sex supervision 

resistance to female guards

• Thought that they were masculine guards- not traditional women

• Still perceived them as inadequate even when doing their jobs 

• Assigned them the worst posts 

three adjustment strategies

• Zimmerman in his ethnology of women guards in male prisons 

  • Institutional role

    • Downplaying their female status by doing the same job as men and maintaining professional relationships

  • Motivied role 

    • Started to feel less capable of a male's job and they prefer safe assignments where they have no physical contact with the incarcerated persons

  • Inventive role 

    • View of physical weakness overcompensated by superior communication skills and respect for incarcerated persons

gender model

Attitude, prior experiences, and preferred models of interaction shapes the gender differences in guard’s occupational experiences 

job model

The impact of the organizational structure of the occupation and the inquisition on gender differences 

what is policing

crime control within law enforcement

public safety

enforcing the law

reframing ideal police work

• 1960s- civil rights movement; created a politically charged environment

• Led to many riots and protests→ responded with force and measures of retaliation (tear gas, etc.)

community policing

notion that officers should gain acceptance in the community they work in

women breaking into policing

5 similarities:

focus on maternal role of women

significance of legislation

extreme hostility/ resistance from men

womens overall success and performance evaluation despite hostile and sexist environment

racism and homophobia experienced by women of color and members of the LGBTQI+ community

Heindelsohns 4 stages of womens entry into policing

1. moral reform, rescue, and matrons- 1840- 1910 in US; 1915 in england: had to look good and carry themselves well, new york was one of the first to employ

2. specialists and pioneers- 1910- 1972 in US and 1915- 1930 in england: women hired in police departments but confined to gendered sexist skills; all woman units; issue between specialists who are paid and foremothers who arent

3. latency and depression- 1930- 1945 in US and england: great depression occuring so no women were being hired and titles were being taken away; LAPD wanted to reclassify women officers as civilians

4. expansion- late 1960s and 1970s: growth in women police officers being hired largely due to legislation; Elizabeth and betty 1st women to wear guns

Browns 6 stages of womens entry into policing

1. entry: shortage of men serving as officers

2. separated- restricted: department restricted women to only work with women or kids

3. integration: mandated by legislation and often met w/ male resistance; resulted in litigation by women officers

4. takeoff: policing for women took off and there was backlash and sexual harassment from men

5. reform: born from research conducted to document the resistance by men police treating women poorly; discrediting the backlash- others noticed the poor treatment of women

6. tip over: Increase in the number of women from a minority to a more equal representation; this stage most helpful in explaining varying rates of women officers across country

difficulty distinguishing who qualifies as officers

• The first matrons were in a volunteer capacity

  • Some people still saw them as civilians rather than officers 

first female officer

Alice Stebbins Wells of LA California was the first woman to hold a police officer title in 1910

helped form international association of police women

women first allowed to work with…

Women who were perceived as masculine and devient were allowed to work in policing to deal with sex work and prostitution

reasons to be a police officer

The Sense of belonging to an organization and police identity formation play a strong role in police work

Minorities and women experience greater difficulty adapting to police identity

5 steps of police identity formation

Angela workman-stark

1. discovery: when you begin to think it may fit you

2. tryouts: occurs after acceptance into law enforcement and during training; when they first try on the identity

3. validation and negotiation: having yourself and others believe it fits you; most relevant during one on one field training following graduation

4. identity and acceptance: often for officers from their field training officers; you feel you can more fully take on the identity

5. continued checks, salience: Police navigate this throughout their careers to feel accepted by coworkers and supervisors

mutually agreed upon consent decree

title VII used to increase womens representation in police work

lawsuit on discrimination in the workplace that led to the consent decree- women of all races as well as african and latino men in the LAPD

formal organizational policy changes

These policy changes discussed the degree of civilianization, criterion for obtaining specialized assignments, and compliance for equalized opportunities 

UN security council resolution

Emphasized necessity of gender awareness about sexual and intimate partner abuse of citizens and the hiring of women peacekeepers/ police in international peacekeeping efforts 

Helen Yu

Compared data from 2011 and 2015 (when important legislation was enacted) to determine the influence of this legislation on female representation in policing

• However, it was found that occupational barriers in policing remained bad or got worse

resistance to women in policing

• Slow integration- women in police forces

• Unsupported legislation

• Sexist nature of field training

• Perceived gender training

4 obstacles to women who wanted to work in courts

• Obtaining the education or training

• Access to take the bar

• Access to try cases in upper courts even after passing the bar

• Finding employment

two theories on the legal thinking of women

put forth by Kay and gorman

1: women judges/ lawyers have stronger feminist consciousness- better understanding of oppression so more understanding of the victim/ woman

2: woman have a different moral voice view- based off book called a different voice says they take into account more contextual details of their clients lives and be more cooperative and caring

history of women on juries

juries= fundamental form of citizenship and initially women were not allowed meaning they were excluded from full citizenship

Limits the women's rights and the plaintiffs rights to have a representative jury

1st states to allow women on juries

• In 1870 the territory of Wyoming was the first state to allow women on juries

• Mississippi was the last state in 1968

1975 civil rights act

Responsible for allowing women to serve on federal court juries but had nothing to say about state courts 

hoyt v florida

• All male jury when Gwendlyn Hoyt was convicted of 2nd degree murder

• Said this wasn't fair because she didn't have a jury of her peers

• The supreme court said the rightful place of a women was in the home; sided w Florida

taylor v louisiana

• Supreme court decided an all male jury was not equal protection and excluded them from a representative jury

dismissed during voir dire

• Practice of questioning potential jurors before trial, if they seem biased they can be dismissed

• Carolyn Bobb in 1983 challenged voir dire because only women were being asked questions abt their marital status- prejudiced

Marders 2002 study

• Study found when a jury is gender balanced, the decisions made by the members were more thorough, harmonious, and satisfactory

• Women participated in more sex offense cases

• Asian american women participated less than asian american men

women in the legal fields resistance from men

still seen as male oriented field even if they werent in contact w/ offenders

resistance from white men who believed women were weak in mind and body

accused women of being sensitive, emotional, w/ out discretion

believed women lacked strength to carry workload or would seduce juries

legal training for women

• Avenues for apprenticeships and law school were often closed for women

• Only allowed into apprenticeships if male relatives allowed them to clerk with them

3 historical events in legal training

• 1: increasing western colonization led to more women becoming lawyers

• 2: decrease in the prestige of the legal practice

• 3: with men fighting in the civil war, women could fill in vacancies

characteristics of first women lawyers

• White women from wealthy families

• Mainly focused on white women's rights issues

women in law schools

in 1869 the university of iowa and washington university were the first

ivy leagues were the last

1960s- almost all law schools had removed gender barriers

women attorneys

by 1980 there were 59000 women lawyers

women in the legal field have higher representation than those in prison work

still seen as less believable than men

sexual harassment from co workers

receive much more unfair treatment from judges (language, etc)

less successful and unequal access to climbing the ranks

those with law degrees divided into 3 categories

• Govt agencies- state and federal lawyers

• Corporations- work for banks, insurance companies, other businesses 

• Private firms- partners, associates

women judges

1920- first eligible for judge positions when 19th amendment passed

catherine mcculloch- 1st women to win judicial ellection in 1907

efforts by president carter

• He appointed 40 women to the federal bench in 4 years

• 1 of them was ruth bader ginsburg

women on US supreme court

• Sandra day o’connor- the first on , appointed by reagan

• Ruth bader ginsberg- appointed by president carter

• Sonia sotomayor- appointed by Obama

• Elena kagan- obama

• Amy coney barrett- Trump

• Ketanji brown jackson- Biden

gender differences in judge decision making

few or no differnces between genders

womens presence on a judge panel makes men more likley to address their own sexist beliefs

women may tend to be more liberal

women may be more iley to vote in favor of other women

women law professors

Barbara Nachtrieb Armstrong in 1922- first woman appointed a tenure position at an american bar aproved school

very difficult to acquire an apprenticeship and pass the bar for women- many barriers