Topic 1

What are eukaryotic cells

Animal or plant cells with genetic material (DNA) is enclosed in a nucleus

What are prokaryotic cells? Include genetic material, nucleus and its size

cells (e.g bacteria) with genetic material or enclosed in a nucleus. Its size is much smaller than eukaryotic

Genetic material in a prokaryotic cell

• A single loop of DNA

• May also have one or more plasmids

What’s the function of the nucleus

Nucleus: Control cell activity

What’s the function of the cell membrane?

control the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Mitochondria

Site of aerobic respiration→ releases energy from glucose

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

What are the additional parts of a plant cell?

Cell wall, chloroplasts and permanent vacuole

What is the cell wall made of and what’s the function of it for a plant?

the cell wall contains cellulose→ it strengthens the cell (algal cells have one too)

What is the function of the chloroplasts in a plant cell?

Contains chlorophyll→ absorbs light for photosynthesis to make glucos

What is the permanent vacuole filled with? And what’s its function?

It is filled with cell sap→ help plant cell turgid/support the plant/ improve rigidity

What do plant cells and bacteria cells have in common

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA ribosomes.

Cell wall and plasmids, it doesn’t have mitochondria or a nucleus or chloroplasts and a vacuole

Compare the structure of a red blood cell (RBC) with the structure of a plant cell (6 marks)

: Both have cytoplasm, cell membrane

• RBC has no cell wall, plant cell does
  RBC does not contain chloroplasts or chlorophyll, plant cell does

• RBC has no (permanent) vacuole, plant cell does

• RBC contains haemoglobin, plant cell don't

Specialisation of sperm cells

• function of flagellum

• Function of the mitochondria

• How does it break into the egg?

Sperm cells :

• flagellum to swim to the egg

• Iots of mitochondria to release energy from swimming.

• Digestive enzymes to break into the egg

Red Blood cells specialisation

• nucleus

• Haemoglobin

• Shape

Red blood cells :

• no nucleus, so more room for oxygen

• haemoglobin binds to oxygen molecules.

• bi concave shape to increase surface area.