Level 3 Review

what do cells with a common structure and function combine to form?

tissues

what anatomical term describes a position towards the head or upper part of a structure?

superior

which horizontal plane divides the body into upper and lower sections?

the transverse plane

which anatomical region refers to the neck?

the cervical region

At which type of joint do flexion and extension movements occur?

a hinge joint

Which type of epithelial tissue is composed of cells that are flat in shape??

squamous

what does the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis produce?

new cells through a process known as mitosis

which term, structure or condition matches this description: removed from the skin through a process called excretion?

excess waste products

where is adipose tissue located?

within the subcutaneous layer

which skin structure helps regulate body temperature by causing the hair to stand?

the arrector pili muscle

what are fibroblast cells responsible for?

producing elastin

which term, structure or condition matches this description: manufactured by skin when exposed to sunlight?

vitamin d

Which layer of the hair structure provides the hair with its strength and colour?

cortex

what is the telogen stage of the hair growth cycle also known as?

the resting stage

what is the function of terminal hair?

to: protect vulnerable areas

Which structure is responsible for producing new nail cells?

matrix

approximately how long does a healthy fingernail take to grow from the matrix to the free edge?

approximately six months

what is the function of the hyponychium?

to protect the nail bed from infection

which pair of bones supports the upper teeth and helps form the hard palate?

the maxillae

which part of the skeleton does the sternum form?

the thoracic cage

what is the function of the skeletal system?

to provide protection

what type of bone is also described in the clue as cancellous bone?

compact bone

A vertebra is an example of what type of bone classification?

irregular bone

how is the shouder joint classified?

a synovial joint

what muscle depresses the mandible and form horizontal wrinkles in the neck?

platysma

what muscles is located on the posterior aspect of the upper arm?

tricep

what is the action of the rectus abdominis muscle?

the flexion of the trunk

what is the muscle that surrounds the mouth and puckers the lips called?

the orbicularis oris

what is the function of the muscular system?

to maintain posture

where can voluntary muscle tissue be found?

attached to the skeleton

which term, structure or condition matches this description: known as isotonic?

contraction that involves shortening or lengthening of the muscle

what are two functions of blood?

protection and transportation

Which heart valve is positioned between the right atrium and right ventricle?

the tricuspid valve

what does systemic circulation refer to?

the blood supply to and from the heart and the body tissues

what is a characteristic of an artery?

it has thick electic walls

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the scalp and face?

the external carotid artery

what does pulmonary artery carry?

deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

What term describes the vessels that carry filtered lymph away from the lymph node?

efferent vessel

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

defends against harmful pathogens

which term, structure or condition matches this description: prevented from flowing back by valves?

lymphatic fluid that travels around the body

where are the axillary nodes positioned?

in the armpit

what happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

the muscle contracts

what is a function of the respiratory system?

to deliver oxygen to tissue

Which leaf-shaped endocrine gland is situated behind the stomach?

the pancreas

what is the function of the endocrine system?

to maintain homeostasis

Which endocrine gland controls the hormones for the flight or fight response?

the adrenal

what does the myelin sheath structures provide?

it provide insulation and increase the transmission of an electrical impulse along a nerve cell

what is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

regulating blood pressure

where are cerebellum and pons varolii structures located?

in the brain

what organ is the major site for absorption in the digestive system?

the small intestine

what is the function of the gall bladder during digestion?

to store bile

Define chemical digestion

the break down of food particles using enzymes

what is one of the functions of the excretory system?

maintaining ph values

which term, structure or condition matches this description: to excrete waste?

function of a nephron

what is in the male reproductive system, the structure that transports sperm from testicles to the vas deferens called?

the epididymis

during which menstrual-cycle phase are follicle-stimulating hormone levels elevated according to the clue?

menstruation

what are commonly known as sabaceous glands (around the nipples)?

montgomer’s tubercles

which hormone is responsible for milk production in the breast?

prolactin

what is sclera of the eye?

the white outer layer of the eyeball

what is the function of the retina?

to converts light entering the eye into electrical signals

what does the structure of the ear contain?

sensory nerves which transmit auditory information to the brain is the cochlea

what are the ossicles of the ear responsible for?

transmitting sound waves

What skin pathology is characterised by areas of lighter skin due to a lack of melanin?

vitiligo

what condition is caused by a bacterial infection?

pseudofolliculitis

How can you distinguish onychomycosis?

can be recognised by yellow patches on the nail

what condition results in joint pain due to deterioration of cartilage?

osteoarthritis

what is the muscular pathology that causes progressive weakness and wasting of the body’s muscle called?

muscular dystrophy

what the name of the disorder that develops in white blood cells and bone marrow?

leukaemia

what are the common symptoms of hodgkin’s disease?

painless swelling of lymph nodes

which is a respiratory condition that is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

emphysema

what endocrine disease causes high levels of cortisol in the body?

cushing's syndrome

what the pathology of the nervous system that can occur during birth and affect an individual’s ability to move and maintain balance?

cerebral palsy

what digestive pathology commonly occurs in the small intestine?

crohn's disease

what condition causes intense pain at the side of the abdomen accompanied by nausea/vomiting?

kidney stones

what is the term for absence of menstrual periods?

amenorrhea

what is a characteristic of veins?

it contain valves

what do renal arteries supply?

oxygenated blood to kidneys

what does the superior vena cava collect?

blood from upper body and empties it into the right atrium

what is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?

thoracic duct

How does the lymphatic system transport dietary fats from the gut?

by absorption

which term, structure or condition matches this description: when interstitial fluid is collected from tissue spaces?

first stage of lymphatic pathway

where are buccal lymph nodes located?

near the angle of the mouth

which term, structure or condition matches this description: trachea?

respiratory structure which splits into two bronchi

what is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells called?

internal respiration

where is the pineal gland (an endocrine gland) located?

in the brain

what is the function of the endocrine system function?

to secrete hormones into bloodstream

Blood sugar levels are controlled by?

pancreas

what is the thin outermost layer of schwann cells?

neurilemma

which branch of the autonomic nervous system dilates the pupils in response to low light?

the sympathetic branch

what part of the brain controls body temperature, thirst and hunger?

hypothalamus

what forms part of the small intestine?

jejunum

what does the liver produce?

bile

what enzyme breaks down polysaccharides into smaller sugar?

amylase

The fibromuscular tube that connects the bladder to the exterior is called?

the urethra

what is the function of the excretory system function?

to remove metabolic waste

which structure secretes seminal fluid to nourish sperm?

prostate gland

what are ovaries responsible for?

production of oestrogen and progesterone

what connective tissue fibrous bands provide support?

cooper ligaments

what does the highly concentrated, nutrient dense “first milk” produce in the breast?

colostrum

where does the choroid structure form?

part of the middle vascular layer of the eye