WGU D444 Ophthalmology and Neurology Key Concepts Complete with 100% accurate solutions + rationales

Glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure causing optic nerve damage.

Glaucoma Symptoms

Peripheral vision loss, halos around lights, eye pain, nausea/vomiting.

Glaucoma Medications

Timolol, Latanoprost, Acetazolamide.

Glaucoma Therapies

Laser therapy, surgery, lifelong eye drops.

Cataracts

Clouding of the eye lens.

Cataracts Symptoms

Blurry vision, glare sensitivity, poor night vision.

Cataracts Therapies

Cataract surgery with lens implant.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Retinal blood vessel damage from diabetes.

Diabetic Retinopathy Symptoms

Floaters, blurry vision, vision loss.

Diabetic Retinopathy Medications

Anti-VEGF injections, insulin/diabetes medications.

Diabetic Retinopathy Therapies

Laser therapy, glucose control.

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation/infection of conjunctiva.

Conjunctivitis Symptoms

Redness, drainage, itching.

Conjunctivitis Medications

Antibiotic eye drops, antihistamines.

Conjunctivitis Therapies

Hand hygiene, warm compresses.

Corneal Abrasion

Scratch on cornea.

Corneal Abrasion Symptoms

Severe eye pain, tearing, photophobia.

Corneal Abrasion Medications

Antibiotic ointment, analgesics.

Corneal Abrasion Therapies

Avoid contacts, eye protection.

Retinal Detachment

Retina separates from eye wall.

Retinal Detachment Symptoms

Floaters, flashing lights, curtain vision.

Retinal Detachment Therapies

Emergency surgery.

Macular Degeneration

Degeneration of central retina.

Macular Degeneration Symptoms

Central vision loss.

Macular Degeneration Medications

Anti-VEGF injections, vitamins.

Macular Degeneration Therapies

Vision aids, smoking cessation.

Hordeolum (Stye)

Infected eyelid gland.

Hordeolum Symptoms

Painful eyelid lump.

Hordeolum Medications

Antibiotic ointment.

Hordeolum Therapies

Warm compresses.

Blepharitis

Eyelid inflammation.

Blepharitis Symptoms

Burning, crusting.

Blepharitis Medications

Antibiotic ointment.

Blepharitis Therapies

Eyelid scrubs.

Strabismus

Misaligned eyes.

Strabismus Therapies

Eye patch, glasses, surgery.

Exophthalmos

Bulging eyes from hyperthyroidism.

Exophthalmos Medications

Antithyroid medications, beta blockers.

Exophthalmos Therapies

Lubricating drops.

Tinnitus

Ringing in ears.

Tinnitus Therapies

Hearing aids, white noise therapy.

Presbycusis

Age-related hearing loss.

Presbycusis Therapies

Hearing aids, reduce background noise.

Otitis Externa

Outer ear infection.

Otitis Externa Symptoms

Ear pain, pain pulling auricle.

Otitis Externa Medications

Antibiotic ear drops, steroid drops.

Otitis Externa Therapies

Keep ear dry.

Otitis Media

Middle ear infection.

Otitis Media Symptoms

Fever, ear pain.

Otitis Media Medications

Amoxicillin, pain relievers.

Otitis Media Therapies

Ear tubes if recurrent.

Meniere's Disease

Inner ear disorder causing vertigo.

Meniere's Disease Symptoms

Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss.

Meniere's Disease Medications

Meclizine, diazepam, diuretics.

Meniere's Disease Therapies

Low sodium diet, fall precautions.

Parkinson Disease

Loss of dopamine-producing neurons.

Parkinson Disease Symptoms

Tremor, rigidity, shuffling gait.

Parkinson Disease Medications

Levodopa/carbidopa.

Parkinson Disease Therapies

PT, speech therapy, fall precautions.

Multiple Sclerosis

Autoimmune destruction of myelin.

Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms

Fatigue, weakness, vision changes.

Multiple Sclerosis Medications

Corticosteroids, interferons.

Multiple Sclerosis Therapies

Energy conservation, avoid heat.

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune muscle weakness disorder.

Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms

Ptosis, weakness improves with rest.

Myasthenia Gravis Medications

Pyridostigmine, steroids.

Myasthenia Gravis Therapies

Monitor respiratory status.

ALS

Progressive motor neuron disease.

ALS Symptoms

Muscle weakness, dysphagia.

ALS Medications

Riluzole.

ALS Therapies

Respiratory support, nutrition support.

Migraine Symptoms

Throbbing unilateral headache, nausea, photophobia.

Migraine Medications

Triptans, NSAIDs.

Migraine Therapies

Dark quiet room.

Cluster Headache Symptoms

Severe unilateral eye pain, tearing.

Cluster Headache Medications

Sumatriptan.

Cluster Headache Therapies

Oxygen therapy.

Tension Headache Symptoms

Band-like pressure headache.

Tension Headache Medications

Acetaminophen, NSAIDs.

Melanoma

Dangerous skin cancer.

Melanoma Symptoms

ABCDE changes.

Melanoma Therapies

Surgical excision, immunotherapy.

Herpes Zoster

Shingles caused by varicella virus.

Herpes Zoster Symptoms

Painful unilateral rash.

Herpes Zoster Medications

Acyclovir, gabapentin.

Herpes Simplex

HSV infection causing oral/genital lesions.

Herpes Simplex Medications

Acyclovir, valacyclovir.