Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Homeostasis

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17 Terms

1
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What systems are involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis?

Cardiovascular system, respiratory system, urinary system, behavioral responses, and endocrine pathways.

2
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How does extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity affect cells?

It affects cell volume due to osmosis.

3
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What is the relationship between water gain and water loss?

Water gain equals water loss.

4
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How can water gain occur?

Water gain can occur via intravenous (IV) injection.

5
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What are some additional causes of water loss?

Excessive sweating and diarrhea.

6
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Describe the process of fluid concentration in the kidneys.

Isosmotic fluid leaving the proximal tubule becomes more concentrated in the descending limb; solute removal in the thick ascending limb creates hyperosmotic fluid.

7
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What regulates permeability to water and solutes in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

Hormones regulate permeability.

8
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What determines final urine osmolarity?

Final urine osmolarity depends on reabsorption in the collecting duct.

9
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What is the countercurrent multiplier?

It creates high osmolarity of medulla ECF through osmosis of water out of the descending limb and solute transport out of the ascending limb.

10
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How does the countercurrent multiplier affect filtrate and interstitial fluid (ISF)?

It creates dilute filtrate and concentrated ISF.

11
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What happens to water and solutes in the vasa recta?

They move into the vasa recta if an osmotic/concentration gradient exists.

12
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What is the significance of blood flow in relation to filtrate flow in the tubules?

Blood flow is opposite to filtrate flow, helping to prevent dilution of concentrated ISF.

13
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What is the role of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

ADH causes aquaporins to be added to the apical membrane of collecting duct tubule cells.

14
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How does ADH function at the cellular level?

Vasopressin binds to a membrane receptor, activating a cAMP second messenger system that inserts AQP2 water pores into the apical membrane.

15
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What triggers the release of ADH?

Decreases in blood pressure, decrease in atrial stretch due to low blood volume, and osmolarity greater than 280 mOsM.

16
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What is AVP and where is it produced?

AVP (arginine vasopressin) is made and packaged in the cell body of a neuron.

17
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How is AVP transported and released?

Vesicles containing AVP are transported down the cell and stored in the posterior pituitary, then released into the blood.