child abuse and neglect SWK 395/595 Terry Smith

physical abuse

non accidental injury inflicted by a caregiver on a child 17 years old or younger. can include munchausen by proxy (pretend or induce illness in child in order to attract medical attention)

includes shaking of babies.

bruises and fractures are to be taken highly suspicious, espically if the child is under one.

what are the 4 forms of child maltreatment?

1.) physical abuse

2.) sexual abuse

3.) neglect

4.) emotional abuse

what are some factors to consider in determining if the injury is a result of physical abuse?

1.) the child's level of development

2.) pattern and size of injury

3.) location of injury

4.) caregiver's explanation of injury

Munchausen syndrome

a form of child abuse where the parent fabricates or causes injury to a child to gain attention for themselves. gets benefits from doctors from abusing their children.

failure act or to act is....

neglect

how can cultural practice's be seen as abuse?

example: the practice of taking a coin and heat it up and put it on the child all over their body and welps would come up.

sexual abuse

any sexual activity with a child where consent is not or cannot be given

neglect

act of omission by caregiver responsible for the child, whether intentional or not, that results in physical, emotional, social or cognitive harm, either presently or in the future. also includes not sending the child to school or getting them the medical attention they need

emotional abuse

repeated pattern of caregiver behavior or extreme incidents hat convey to child that they are worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or only of value in meeting another's needs.

colonial times In History of Child Protective Services

in 1642 a Massachusetts law allowed for the removal of children from parents who failed to "train up" their children properly.

in 1735 in Georgia, a girl was moved from house to house and "shamefully debauched" until she was finally taken into the home of a respectable lady.

American laws were greatly shaped by our English heritage, from which we gained:

poor laws, apprenticeship, indenture, outdoor relief (precursor of welfare), criminal law, Almshouse.

what was an almshouse?

it was America's first institution for caring for large numbers of dependent children. however, an 1856 study in NY found almshouses were the worst possible nursery. during the Great Depression, more than 100,000 Americans lived in almshouses.

what was the first American orphanage and when did it open?

it was the Ursuline Orphanage that opened in 1728. the

when and where did the first public orphanage open?

in 1790 in charleston, South Carolina, and they grew explosively.

history of orphanages in American...

in 1800, there were only 5 orphanages in America

by 1850, there were over 70

by 1910, there where over 100,000 American children living in orphanages

the children progressive era....

the first society for the prevention of cruelty to children was founded in 1875.

this era represented a movement away from institutionalized care.

marked by the emergencies of the fields of social work, psychology, psychiatry, and pediatrics and an increased role of the government in child welfare.

in 1899, the first juvenile court was established.

child labor movement

child guidance movement

1909 White House conference

1911: mother pensions

1912: the children's Bureau

What is infanticide? why did people do this back then?

intentional killing of infants. one less mouth to feed in their family. this happened when the parents cannot provide for the baby. abortion did not exist. this can also be used as a sacrifice to gods. can also be used to control the population.

incest taboo

sex between a child and family member.

what is one form of endangerment?

not buckelig a child in their carseat the correct way.

what did Sigmund Freud believer about child maltreatment? what did he find in his patients?

he found their has been a premature introduction to sex. his female patients had suffered sexual nature at a very young age.

Mary ellen wilson

spent 8 years suffering in the "care" of her stepparents before Etta Wheeler was told of her case in 1873. she Brough Mary Ellen to the attention of Henry Bergh who was responsible for her rescue. she then lived with the members of Etta Wheeler's family.

New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

officially incorporated in April 1875, with Elbridge Gerry as the president. he viewed the society for the prevention of cruelty to children primarily as a law enforcement agency, not as social service agency.

this marked the beginning of organized child protection in the United States.

when was the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded?

in 1878. under the leadership of Frank B. Fay, who blended law enforcement and social work, as stance the was adopted by many others, causing social work to gain ground while leaving criminal prosecution open as an option.

what was the role of the government in the history of child protection?

in the early years of organized child protection, the government played a limited role in social welfare, due in part to the fact that social work as a profession did not yet exist,

early in the 20th century, there were increased calls to shift protection from non-government societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children to government agencies, leading to the establishment of the Children's Bureau in 1912.

one form of physical neglect can be....

not bringing a child to the doctor and meeting a child's physical needs.

how did the Social security Act help in the history of child protection services?

it marked the beginning of the federal governments participation in social programs. it included old age pensions, unemployment insurance, vocational and rehabilitation services , the ADC (later because the AFDC), and funds for crippled children.

in the Social Security Act, the children's bureau was authorized to do what?

cooperate with the state public welfare agencies in establishing, extending, and strengthening, primarily in real areas, child welfare services for the protection and care of homeless, dependent, ad neglect children and children in danger of becoming delinquent

moral legal maltreatment

a caretaker exposes or involves a child in illegal or other activities that may foster delinquency or antisocial behavior.

how expensive is child abuse yearly and daily?

yearly: $94 billion

daily: $258 million

what are the major sources of spending from child abuse?

hospitalization, mental health and health care, child welfare services, juvenile delinquency, and adult criminality.

social and emotional costs

what are some reasons we should be concerned with child maltreatment?

1.) to save lives

2.) to avoid physical and emotional suffering

3.) to save resources

pederasty

having sex with a child.

Henry Bergh

animal protection movement - founded the American society for the prevention of animals in 1866; connection to child protection. it was founded in New York.

in 1912, what did the child's Bureau focus on?

the first federal organization of child welfare. focused on breast feeding an infant. At first, they did not recognize child maltreatment was happening, so they focused on other things, like breast feeding and infant killings.

Henry Kempe

Chairman of the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine; Published the article "The Battered-Child Syndrome"

head of the department of pediatrics. gets the nation's attention to child maltreatment.

he was the physician petiatritian who took up that cases of abused children. he documented 709 children- he used the term "battered"

he broadened the term "battered children" showing that there was other forms of child abuse such as sexual and emotional.

what are Chrises nurseries?

a place for mothers to take their children when they are going through a stressful time so they do not take it out on their baby and abuse their baby.

child abuse reporting laws where first enacted when?

in 1963, and every state had reporting legislation by 1967.

senator Walter Mondone states...

"nowhere in the federal gov could we find one official assigned full time to child abusee and neglect"

when did the Child Abuse Protection and Treatment Act become a law?

on January 31, 1974. the government assumes a leadership role in child protection with this act.

child sexual abuse in the history of child protection services changed in what ways?:

they had always intervened to protect children from sexual abuse, but found such accounts "too revolting to publish," causing recognition of child sexual abuse to lag behind recognition of child physical abuse and neglect.

what where the 3 factors that helped launch child sex abuse onto center stage?

1.) the women's movement, with race reform movement

2.) 1970's expansion of child protective services

3.) new research on the prevention and impact of child sex abuse.

Vincent de Francis founded in 1967:

"no state, and no community, has developed a child protective service program adequate in size to meet the service needs of all reported cases of chid neglect, abuse, and exploration."

CAPTA

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. it created the NCCAN. it asked what is going on with child maltreatment and it tells what data is happening every once in a while, congress has to renew legislation. in 1988, they redid CAPTA. the last time it was revised was 2003.

John Caffey

Radiologist who noted evidence in brain injury and long bone fracture from child abuse. he coined with the shaken baby syndrome. he noticed the evidence of fractures. his articles of bone fractures ignites medical interest in abuse.

NCCAN

National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect

DHHS

Department of Health and Human Services

OCFC

???

OCAN

Office of Child Abuse and Neglect. there are now specific things being put into place to help child abuse and neglect.

APSAC

American professional society Abuse children. it started with Mary Wilson.

the increase in reported incidence of child maltreatment is probably the result of a combination of what factors?

expanded definitions, increased recognition and reporting, and increases in the rare of occurrence.

poor motor skills happens when a child lives in a what....

in a non stimulated environment

slow language development

linked to hearing. the may not be spoken to enough to understand how to speak.

mistrust of environment

if the child goes through neglect of being taken care of, he won't trust anyone anymore.

what is passivity/hypervigilace?

watching the environment very closely because they do not trust anything. very suspicious of the environment. having little interest in anything.

nurturer of parent

the child becomes the care taker of the parents.

age at onset

the earlier, the greater impact and long lasting effects.

maltreated children lose their what....

since of faith. they do not like going to church because at church they talk about God and how God is father, but if the child's physical father is abusive, the child will back away.

if a child is sexually abused, they may have trouble differentiationg what...

affection from sexual behavior

when a child is abused, they have adapted to a world that cannot be trusted when they live in an environment that is dangerous.. what does this mean for the child's brain?

if cannot develop properly

nuclear family

mom, dad, 2 kids.

every family is a system-

a series of interrelationships each impinging on the other.

families maintain their functioning in the manner that most systems do... through what?

subsystems, boundaries, roles, and communication patterns.

family rules

setting order so that things won't be chaotic

roles of the family:

each family member has a role and everything will function well if it follows its roll.

breadwinner role

person who earns the money for a family

disciplinarian role

a person who enforces or advocates discipline in the fam

nurturer role

provides emotional support, creates safety, our role models.

decision maker

the family member who actually makes the decisions for the family.

roles can be brought onto family members how?

they can be conveyed directly through a process of communication to indirectly through a process of interaction.

Role complementarity

the family members share the same roles and everyone in the family is happy.

role conflict

conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses. they do not agree with their assigned roles.

Family Scapegoat

- one family member whom the other members blame for the family's difficulties and emotional upheaval.

what are the subsystems of a family?

1.) spousal (husband/wife): provide emotional and sexual intimacy

2.) parental: guide and control, provide nurture, guidance, and care.

3.) sibling (children): learn about peer relationships (fight, negotiate, complete, etc).

Spousal Subsystem

Support one another

Balance individual and couple needs

Manage relationship with family of origin. their focus should be on each other.

they must address intimacy emotionally and physically.

their boundaries must not be penetrated. protection of boundaries.

does a spousal subsystem change when they have a child?

no. their focus should still remain on each other, if they remain responsible with each other things will fall into place.

boundaries

(barriers/divisions between subsystem that allow each the freedom to operate). define who can interact with whom and how. regulate the distance and amount of interaction between people/systems.

what are the different types of boundaries?

rigid and poorly defined

open and closed

disengaged/differentiated and enmeshed/fused.

ridge boundaries

they let no outside influences happen WITHIN the family. example: they do not let their kids spend the night at someone else's family.

indirect communication:

when the wife lets the husband make all the decisions.

fuse/enmeshed boundaries

kids have little time to think for themselves and cannot function on their own.

disengaged/differentiated boundary

little warmth, little affection.

permeable boundary

open to knew ideas within the family members. example: child says we should have pizza on Friday nights, then parents consider it.

poorly defined or unclear boundary

no one is certain act their roles are in the family and nothing gets done.

what are the 2 strong emotional forces?

the need for closeness and the need for individuality.

communication in our brains:

our Brains have neurons and In our body they travel constantly sending signals everywhere.

abuse invades...

all boundaries

incidence

the occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable.

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

A federal law passed in 1974 requiring physicians to report cases of child abuse.

Digital Communication

spoken words

analogic communication

nonverbal communication. our body language in how we communicate. a gesture.

Metacommunication

messages (usually relational) that refer to other messages; communication about communication. how we say what we are saying. saying something very disinterested or no sincere. for example, "I love you" someone can look you In the eyes and say it and mean it in their voice, or they can not meet your eyes and say it in a tone with disinterest.

double bind communication:

paradox communication. we use this when we really want to tell someone something. they are really told two things and the person is not really sure which one is true. example: "I want you to go out with your friends but I dont want you to think about me being here all alone by myself"

Closed boundaries in families

their rules will follow dependance "do not trust anyone but me" no one outside the family can be trusted.

what ways can a family have problems or dysfunction?

1.) failure to complete basic family tasks

2.) failure in dealing with changes associated with developmental tasks.

3.) failure to deal with crises

4.) failure to deal with societal pressures

every fam will have challenges

what are two factors that are associated with the families position that might actually contribute to the continuation of child maltreatment

1.) society's belief in the sanctity of the family (beyond the best interest of the child)

2.) disproportionate emphasis afforded the rights of parents compared with the rights of children. (legislation preserving the use of corporal punishment)

rules can...

provide stability, my be functional or dysfunctional in the way they regulate family functioning, must be clear, open and consistent.

how can rules be bad?

example: keeping your dad's affair a secret. could be something like "we dont talk about sex."

how can a family fail to complete tasks?

inability to provide safety, protection, food, education. these are the kids of things where DHS will have to step in. neglect is failure to do your fam task.

how can a family fail in developmental tasks?

presenting behaviors upsets the family balance. the mile stones are challenging. not being able to be potty trained. where the development skills are that they need. they are not prepared for the challenges. adolescence is a big one families are not prepared for.

failure to deal with crises

some fams deal with this well, others everything could be a crisis. example: child illness, death, unemployment, these could all make the fam fall apart. they have to have social order. work demands. a single parent can make failure likely to occur.