CHAPTER 7 -- age of imperialism

imperialism

Policy of extending a nation’s power by acquiring territories or influencing other countries politically/economically

Roosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine claiming the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin America to keep stability

Alfred T. Mahan

Naval officer who argued that strong navies and overseas bases were key to national power; influenced U.S. expansion

Darwinism

Application of “survival of the fittest” ideas to justify competition between nations and races

hawaiian imperialism

U.S. business and military involvement leading to the overthrow of Hawaii’s monarchy and eventual annexation

queen liliuokalani

Last Hawaiian monarch who tried to resist U.S. influence before being overthrown in 1893

stanford b. dole

American businessman who led the provisional Hawaiian government after the queen was overthrown

pearl harbor

Strategic Hawaiian port that the U.S. gained rights to; became a key naval base

general valeriano weyler

Spanish general in Cuba who placed civilians in concentration camps, increasing American sympathy for Cuban rebels

jose marti

Cuban nationalist who led the movement for independence from Spain

james blaine

U.S. politician who promoted Pan-American cooperation and expanded U.S. influence in Latin America

kaiser wilhelm

German emperor whose aggressive foreign policy contributed to global tensions in the early 1900s

great white fleet

Roosevelt’s world tour of U.S. battleships to show off American naval power

mckinley tariff - impact on hawaii

High tariff on foreign sugar hurt Hawaiian planters and pushed them to support annexation for economic benefit

USS maine

U.S. battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor; blamed on Spain and helped spark the Spanish-American War

de lôme letter

Spanish diplomat’s letter criticizing President McKinley as weak; angered Americans and fueled war fever

george dewey

U.S. naval commander who destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War

rough riders

Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt; famous for the charge up San Juan Hill

emilio aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist who first fought Spain, then led resistance against U.S. control of the Philippines

puerto rico

Territory gained by the U.S. after the Spanish-American War; became an unincorporated American territory

philippines

Another Spanish territory taken by the U.S.; became the center of a brutal war over American occupation

guam

Pacific island taken from Spain in 1898; used as a naval and coaling station

cuba

Freed from Spain but placed under heavy U.S. influence after the war

platt amendment

Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba and gave the U.S. a naval base at Guantánamo; restricted Cuban independence

foraker act

Established a civilian government in Puerto Rico under U.S. control

open door policy

U.S. policy asking European powers to keep China open to equal trade and not carve it into colonies

boxer rebellion

Chinese uprising against foreign influence; suppressed by an international force including the U.S.

“big stick” policy

Roosevelt’s foreign policy: negotiate peacefully but maintain strong military power

panama canal

Waterway built by the U.S. after supporting Panama’s independence from Colombia; boosted global trade and naval mobility

yellow peril

Western fear of rising power and influence of East Asian nations, especially Japan and China

teller amendment

Promise that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War

big sister policy

James Blaine’s idea to rally Latin American nations behind U.S. leadership and open markets for trade

great rapprochement

Improved U.S.–British relations around 1895, marking the end of earlier tensions

insular cases

Supreme Court decisions declaring that constitutional rights did not automatically extend to U.S. territories

hay-bunau-varilla treaty

Treaty with Panama granting the U.S. rights to build the Panama Canal

gentlemen’s agreement

Deal between the U.S. and Japan limiting Japanese immigration in exchange for better treatment of existing immigrants

TR and Russo-Japanese War

TR and Russo-Japanese War