Nonvacular/vascular plants

What is the dominant stage in nonvascular plants?

Gametophyte

What are the ephemerality characteristics of the sporophyte in nonvascular plants?

The sporophyte is briefly green and depends on the gametophyte for nutrition.

Describe the body structure of nonvascular plants.

They have simple bodies, are few cells thick, lack seeds, leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue.

What is a rhizoid in the moss life cycle?

It is an early structure formed from a germinating spore.

What type of gametophyte do mosses produce?

A hermaphroditic gametophyte.

What do antheridia and archegonia produce in the moss life cycle?

Antheridia produce sperm, and archegonia produce eggs.

What is the primary function of the sporophyte in nonvascular plants?

To produce spores.

What is the defining feature of vascular plants?

They have tracheids, which are long, hollow cells that conduct water.

What are the two types of leaves found in vascular plants?

Microphylls (flattened sterile sporangia) and megaphylls (fused side branches).

What is the dominant generation in vascular plants?

Sporophyte.

What group of plants are the simplest vascular plants?

Lycophytes, also known as club mosses.

What are ferns characterized by?

They are seedless, have leaves, and can produce sori.

What do seed plants provide during harsh conditions?

They protect and nourish the embryo.

What are the two main groups of seed plants?

Gymnosperms and angiosperms.

How do gymnosperms produce seeds?

From cones.

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers and produce seeds in ovaries.

What is the dominant stage in nonvascular plants?

The main form is the gametophyte.

What are the ephemerality characteristics of the sporophyte in nonvascular plants?

It is only briefly green and relies on the gametophyte for food.

Describe the body structure of nonvascular plants.

They have simple bodies that are a few cells thick, and lack seeds, leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue.

What is a rhizoid in the moss life cycle?

It is an early structure that forms from a germinating spore.

What type of gametophyte do mosses produce?

Mosses produce a gametophyte that has both male and female parts.

What do antheridia and archegonia produce in the moss life cycle?

Antheridia create sperm, while archegonia create eggs.

What is the primary function of the sporophyte in nonvascular plants?

Its main role is to produce spores.

What is the defining feature of vascular plants?

They have tracheids, which are long, hollow cells that move water.

What are the two types of leaves found in vascular plants?

There are microphylls, which are small flattened leaves, and megaphylls, which are larger and formed from fused branches.

What is the dominant generation in vascular plants?

The main form is the sporophyte.

What group of plants are the simplest vascular plants?

The simplest are the lycophytes, also known as club mosses.

What are ferns characterized by?

They do not have seeds, have leaves, and can produce clusters of sporangia called sori.

What do seed plants provide during harsh conditions?

They protect and nourish the developing embryo.

What are the two main groups of seed plants?

The two groups are gymnosperms and angiosperms.

How do gymnosperms produce seeds?

They produce seeds from cones.

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers and their seeds develop inside ovaries.

What do vascular tissues in plants consist of?

Vascular tissues consist of xylem and phloem.

What is xylem responsible for?

Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

What is phloem responsible for?

Phloem transports the products of photosynthesis, primarily sugars, throughout the plant.

What role do leaves play in vascular plants?

Leaves are the primary sites for photosynthesis.

How do vascular plants reproduce?

Vascular plants can reproduce sexually through seeds or asexually through vegetative propagation.

What adaptation helps plants survive in dry environments?

Many vascular plants have developed cuticles to reduce water loss.

What are sori in ferns?

Sori are clusters of sporangia located on the underside of fern leaves.

What do angiosperms rely on for pollination?

Angiosperms often rely on animals, wind, or water for pollination.

What is a seed?

A seed is a reproductive structure that contains an embryo and a food supply, encased in a protective covering.

What feature allows angiosperms to have a wider distribution compared to gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have fruits that aid in seed dispersal, increasing their distribution.

What is the primary function of leaves in vascular plants?

To serve as the main sites for photosynthesis.

What is the role of cuticles in vascular plants?

Cuticles help to reduce water loss, allowing plants to survive in dry environments.

What structures do vascular plants use for nutrient and water transport?

Vascular plants use xylem and phloem for transport.

What are the reproductive strategies of vascular plants?

They can reproduce sexually through seeds or asexually through vegetative propagation.

What triggers the germination of seeds?

Seeds germinate in favorable conditions, typically with adequate moisture, warmth, and light.

How do gymnosperms differ in seed production compared to angiosperms?

Gymnosperms produce seeds from cones, while angiosperms produce seeds within flowers and fruits.

What is the significance of flowers in angiosperms?

Flowers facilitate sexual reproduction and attract pollinators.

What adaptation do many vascular plants have in response to different environments?

Adaptations like leaf thickness and root depth help them thrive in various conditions.

What is the definition of a fruit in angiosperms?

A fruit is a mature ovary that houses seeds and aids in their dispersal.

What is the function of tracheids in vascular plants?

Tracheids are responsible for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant.