Jefferson to Jackson Era Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from the Jefferson to Jackson era, focusing on political transitions, landmark rulings, and significant policies.

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power between rival parties that solidified faith in the American political system.

Judiciary Act (1801)

Created 16 new federal judgeships, ensuring a federalist hold on the judiciary, Adams accused of court packing.

Judicial Review

Established by Marbury v. Madison (1803), this principle asserts that the Supreme Court has final authority to determine constitutionality.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Doubled the size of the United States for $15 million, raising debates on constitutional interpretation.

Embargo Act (1807)

A law aiming at peaceful coercion which ultimately harmed the US economy more than Britain or France.

War Hawks

Congress members demanding confrontation with Britain and Native Americans leading up to the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in December 1814, restoring relations between the US and Britain to the status quo antebellum.

Monroe Doctrine

A policy implemented in 1823 warning European powers against invading or colonizing the Western Hemisphere.

Tariff of Abominations

A controversial tariff that raised prices on manufactured goods and angered Southern states.

Nullification Crisis

A political crisis during the early 1830s resulting from South Carolina's opposition to tariff laws, which led to John C. Calhoun's doctrine of nullification.

Sectionalism

Economic and political differences between the North, South, and West that intensified different interests and tensions in the early republic.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

An agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while banning slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30′ parallel.

Abolitionism

Movement aimed at ending slavery in the United States, supported by figures like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Native Americans from their ancestral lands, leading to significant suffering and death.

Bank War

Andrew Jackson's campaign against the Second Bank of the United States, which he viewed as a tool of the elite.

Spoils System

The practice of a political party giving government jobs to its supporters as a reward for their loyalty.

What was the War of 1812?

A military conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815, primarily over issues such as trade restrictions and the impressment of American sailors.

What were the causes of the War of 1812?

The main causes included British restrictions on U.S. trade, the impressment of American sailors by the British Navy, and conflicts between American settlers and Native Americans, encouraged by the British.

What was the significance of the War of 1812?

The War of 1812 solidified American independence and nationalism, led to the demise of the Federalist Party, and encouraged the growth of American industry.

Who were the main participants in the War of 1812?

The main participants were the United States and Great Britain, along with their respective allies, including Native American tribes.

What was the outcome of the War of 1812?

The war ended in a stalemate with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, restoring pre-war territorial boundaries but failing to address the issues that caused the war.

What was the Era of Good Feelings?

A period in United States history from approximately 1817 to 1825 characterized by a sense of national unity, political harmony, and economic prosperity following the War of 1812.

What contributed to the Era of Good Feelings?

Factors include the decline of the Federalist Party, the absence of major political conflicts, and a focus on national development and westward expansion.

Who was president during the Era of Good Feelings?

James Monroe served as president during the Era of Good Feelings, fostering a spirit of nationalism and unity.

What were some key achievements during the Era of Good Feelings?

Key achievements included the Monroe Doctrine, infrastructure improvements like the National Road, and increased westward expansion.

How did the Era of Good Feelings come to an end?

The Era of Good Feelings began to decline due to rising sectional tensions over issues like slavery and economic downturns, paving the way for the era of more contentious politics

What was Henry Clay's American System?

A proposed economic plan in the early 19th century aimed at strengthening the U.S. economy through a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.

What are the three main components of the American System?

The three main components are: 1. A strong national bank to regulate credit and currency. 2. Protective tariffs to shield American industry from foreign competition. 3. Internal improvements such as roads and canals to facilitate commerce.

Why did Henry Clay advocate for the American System?

Clay believed that a strong economic infrastructure would promote national unity, facilitate trade, and foster growth in various regions of the country.

How did the American System impact U.S. transportation?

The American System emphasized the construction of roads and canals, greatly improving transportation and trade across the country.

What was the political significance of the American System?

The American System contributed to the debate over federal versus state rights and the role of government in economic development, influencing political parties and policies.