CH 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, events, and figures from Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, based on the provided lecture notes.

War of 1812

A conflict primarily supported by the West and South, and opposed by the Northeast, characterized by disorganized American attacks on Canada.

Oliver Hazard Perry

An American commander who built a fleet on Lake Erie, won a significant battle, and forced the British out of Detroit.

Battle of the Thames

A battle where William Henry Harrison's forces defeated the British evacuating Detroit, resulting in the death of Tecumseh.

Captain Thomas MacDonough

An American captain who forced the British to halt their plan to attack New York City via the Lake Champlain/Hudson River route, thereby saving New York.

Burning of Washington D.C.

An event during the War of 1812 where the British landed, defeated American forces at Bladensburg, and then set fire to the U.S. capital, including the White House and Congress.

Ft. McHenry

A fort in Baltimore where the British were stopped after burning Washington D.C., inspiring Francis Scott Key to write 'The Star Spangled Banner'.

Francis Scott Key

The author of 'The Star Spangled Banner', written during the Battle of Ft. McHenry.

Battle of New Orleans

The largest battle of the War of 1812, won by Andrew Jackson in January 1815, making him a national hero despite occurring two weeks after the war officially ended.

Andrew Jackson

A military leader who won the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and the Battle of New Orleans, becoming a national hero.

Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)

An armistice, or cease-fire, that officially ended the War of 1812 without exchanging land or booty, and notably made no mention of impressment.

Blue Lights

New Englanders who, disaffected by trade restrictions, reportedly helped British ships by warning them with lanterns during the War of 1812.

Hartford Convention (December 1814 - January 1815)

A meeting of New England delegates who sought monetary help from Washington and proposed requiring a 2/3 vote for embargoes, new states, or war, but whose timing made them appear unpatriotic.

Second War for American Independence

A term used to describe the War of 1812, emphasizing America's gain in international respect and credibility despite not gaining land or money.

Federalist Party

A political party that was virtually diminished after the War of 1812.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

An agreement between the U.S. and England that limited both sides' naval power on the Great Lakes.

Washington Irving

An American writer known for Rumpelstiltskin, The Knickerbocker Tales, and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, who wrote fiction set in America.

James Fenimore Cooper

An American writer famous for The Leatherstocking Tales, which included The Last of the Mohicans, known for writing fiction set in America.

Tariff of 1816

A protective tariff passed by Congress, assessing a 20-25% rate on imports to bolster America's nascent industry against cheap British goods after the War of 1812.

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House who initiated 'The American System' to improve the nation's economy.

The American System

Henry Clay's economic plan advocating for a strong banking system, a protective tariff to boost American industry, and a robust transportation network of roads and canals.

Internal Improvements

The building of infrastructure like roads and canals, for which President Madison vetoed federal funding, taking a 'strict constructionist' approach.

Strict Constructionist Approach

A political philosophy asserting that if something is not explicitly stated in the Constitution, it should be reserved to the states (10th Amendment).

Erie Canal

A significant internal improvement completed by New York in 1825, demonstrating state-led infrastructure development.

James Monroe

Elected president in 1816, whose presidency ushered in the 'Era of Good Feelings'.

Era of Good Feelings

A period during James Monroe's presidency (post-1816) characterized by a single dominant political party (Republicans) and a surge of national pride.

Panic of 1819

An economic crisis caused primarily by over-speculation in land, leading to bankruptcies, unemployment, farm losses, and deflation.

Wildcat Banks

Western banks that issued their own paper money and provided easy credit, which were blamed for the widespread farm losses during the Panic of 1819 when the Bank of the U.S. called in loans.

Jacksonian Democracy

A political movement born from the widespread distrust of eastern banks following the Panic of 1819.

Ohio Fever

The strong American urge to move westward, driven by the availability of cheap land and the need for new, fertile soil due to 'land butchery' in the East.

Land Act of 1820

A law allowing buyers to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum cost of $1.25 per acre.

Land Butchery

An agricultural practice where eastern farmers exploited land until it was sterile, then moved on to new areas.

Tallmadge Amendment

A proposed amendment seen by Southerners as a precursor to attempts to abolish slavery throughout the South, highlighting their growing concerns about Northern political power.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

A legislative agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and established an east-west line at 36°30’ to determine future slave and free states.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court whose Federalist philosophy consistently led the court to favor a strong federal government over state governments.

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

The 'Elastic Clause Case' where Chief Justice Marshall upheld the Bank of the U.S. as constitutional by invoking Hamilton's 'implied powers,' thereby recognizing the Elastic Clause.

Elastic Clause

A constitutional provision officially recognized in McCulloch vs. Maryland, allowing for a broader interpretation of the Constitution beyond its literal text.

Hamilton's Implied Powers

A concept invoked by John Marshall in McCulloch vs. Maryland to justify the constitutionality of the Bank of the U.S., based on powers not explicitly stated but implied in the Constitution.

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

The 'Steamboat Case' where the Supreme Court ruled that only Congress, not individual states, has the power to regulate interstate trade, overturning a state-granted monopoly.

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

The 'Land Scam Contract Case' in which the Supreme Court ruled that a contract, even one made through corruption, cannot be broken by state laws.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

The 'College Charter Case' where the Supreme Court, similar to Fletcher, ruled that a state could not encroach on a college charter, as it constitutes a contract.

Senator Daniel Webster

An alumnus who argued on behalf of Dartmouth College in Dartmouth College vs. Woodward, successfully defending the college's charter as a contract against state encroachment.

Treaty of 1818

An agreement with England that established the Canadian border at 49° from the Lake of the Woods westward to the Rocky Mountains and provided for joint occupation of Oregon.

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

A treaty with Spain in which America acquired Florida for $5 million, Spain relinquished its claim to Oregon, America gave up its claim to Texas, and the southern limit of Oregon was set at 42° latitude.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A foreign policy statement asserting European non-colonization of the Americas and non-intervention in American affairs, signaling a 'KEEP OUT' message to Europe.

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

An agreement that set the southern boundary of Russian land claims in the Pacific Northwest at 54° 40'.