BACB Task List Section D.7-G.5

reversal, multielement, multiple baseline, changing criterion

four main single case experimental designs

reversal design

a single-case design used to demonstrate the effects of an independent variable by systematically introducing and withdrawing the independent variable and observing the changes in the target behavior

irreversibility

when the effects of treatment cannot be undone, and a behavior cannot return to a baseline level of responding when the independent variable is removed

prediction, verification, replication

baseline logic

repeated reversal, B-A-B reversal, multiple treatment, DRO/DRA/DRI reversal, and NCR reversal

five reversal design variation

repeated reversal design

when the A-B phases/reversal have multiple presentations; more reversals means stronger evidence of control

B-A-B reversal design

a three phase reversal design that starts with the treatment phase

multiple treatment reversal design

a reversal design subtype with multiple treatments that are alternated in different phases; used to assess which IV is most effective

sequence effects

a confounding effect on a participants behavior in a given condition that results from the participants experience with a prior condition

NCR reversal technique

reversal sub-type shows the effects of reinforcement by using ___ as a control conditions instead of using a baseline conditions in which no reinforcement is provided; fewest confounds

DRO/DRA/DRI reversal technique

reversal sub-type shows the effects of reinforcement by using ______ as a control condition instead of a baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided; less time consuming than NCR

Multielement design

an experimental design in which two or more IVs are presented in rapidly alternating succession and the differential effects of the IVs with baseline

single phase without initial baseline, two phase with baseline and treatment, three phases with baseline treatment and most effective treatment, three phases with baseline treatment and client choice, concurrent chains design

five variations of multielement design

multiple baseline design

an experimental design in which the effect of one IV is measured and evaluated within and across combinations of two or more participants, behaviors, or settings

multiple baseline across behaviors, multiple baseline across settings, multiple baseline across subjects

three subtypes of multiple baseline design

multiple probe design, delayed multiple baseline design, nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design

three weaker variations of multiple baseline design

changing criterion design

an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive, stepwise, and gradually changing criteria for the delivery of reinforcement or punishment, to examine how the changing criteria impact responding

Comparative analysis

a study that compares two or more IVs to assess which IV is most effective

comparative, component, nonparametric, parametic

types of analyses

component analysis

a systematic assessment of two or more independent variables/components that makes up a treatment package; assess the parts of a treatment package

treatment package

a multi-component behaviors intervention plan

additive effects, multiplicative effects, necessity, and sufficiency

factors of component analysis

drop-out component analysis and add-in component analysis

two types of component analysis

drop-out component analysis

the treatment package is presented and components of the package are systematically removed

add-in component analysis

looks at each component individually or in various combinations before the complete treatment package is presented; help to identify the effective components

parametric analysis

a type of experiment in which different values of the IV are manipulated to compare their effects on behavior; vary the dosage of the IV

nonparametric analysis

a type of experiment in which the IV is presented and withdrawn and the effects of both conditions on the DV are compared

school-based records, medical records, historical records

types of records

establishing assessment team, ensuring assessor's cultural responsiveness, communication, choosing assessment activities, defining target behaviors, data collection, analyzing data

components for integrating relevant cultural variables in assessment process

functional behavior assessment (FBA)

the systematic methods and activities used by BA's to gather information about the function of problem behavior, the results of which are used to guide goal settings and interventions for decreasing target behaviors and increasing desirable behavior

record review, indirect assessment, direct assessments, preference and reinforcer assessments, descriptive assessments, functional analysis

ways to client client information in FBA

indirect FBA, direct FBA, functional analysis

FBA methods

indirect assessment

assessor relies on the recall and truthfulness of the people who know the client the best

behavioral interview, behavior checklists, rating scales

types of indirect assessments

behavioral interview

assessors can interview the client directly; first step in learning about potential target behavior, and the client's and stakeholders' primary concerns

behavior checklist

an assessment in the form of checklists that gathers descriptions of the specific behaviors of interest, and the antecedents and consequences that affect the frequency, duration, or intensity of behavior

rating scales

gather quantifiable information about a behavior's occurrence and related environmental variables

direct assessment

assessment procedures that provide measurable and valid information about target behavior

standardized tests, criterion-referenced assessment, curriculum-based assessment, ecological assessment, direct observation, discrepancy analysis

six types of direct assessment methods

standardized tests

an assessment that compares results, in general, to the population for whom the specific test was designed

criterion-referenced assessment

an assessment of client performance across recognized and commonly accepted developmental milestones

curriculum-based assessment

an assessment of student progress on specific weekly tasks and lessions

ecological assessment

an objective assessment of the complex environmental relationships within different aspects of an individuals life; relies on direct observations, interviews, and record review

direct observation

an assessment where client behavior is observed directly and repeatedly in its natural environment

abc continuous recording, aba narrative recording, scatterplot recording

types of direct observations and descriptive behavior assessments

discrepancy analysis

a comparison of a client's behavior to same-age, typically developing peers to determine if a challenging behavior is at problematic levels or appropriate for age or context

stimulus preference assessment

a variety of procedures used to identify the stimuli that a person typically prefers and the relative preference of preferred stimuli

asking your client and others about stimulus preferences, free-operant observations, trial-based methods

three basic stimulus preference assessment methods

asking about stimulus preferences

assessor asks the client or stakeholders about the client's specific preferences, or offer the client a pre-task choice

free-operant stimulus preference assessment

observing and recording what stimuli and/or activities the client chooses to engage in during a period of unrestricted access to numerous stimuli

naturalistic free-operant observation and contrived free-operant observation

two types of free-operant stimulus preference assessments

naturalistic free-operant observation

conducted in the client's everyday environment; records the count and duration the client selects and spends time with each stimulus

contrived free-operant observarion

the client's environment is arranged with a variety of easily accessible stimuli (chosen for the client); records the count and duration of time the client spends with each item

trial-based stimulus preference assessment

an assessment of preferred stimuli across a series of trials; responses are measured by approach, contact, and engagement

paired stimulus preference assessment, multiple stimulus preference assessment, and single stimulus preference assessment

three types of trial-based stimulus preference assessment methods

paired stimulus preference assessment

two or more stimuli are presented at the same time, and the client's choices are recorded; forced to choose between two stimuli

multiple stimulus preference assessment

three or more stimuli are presented at the same time, and the client's choices are recorded; multiple stimuli to choose from

multiple stimulus with replacement (MSW) and multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO)

two types of multiple stimulus preference assessment

multiple stimulus with replacement (MSW)

the item/activity that the client choose remains in the array and those not chosen are replaced with new items/activities

multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO)

the item/activity that the client chooses is removed from the array, and the remaining items are rearranged for the next trials; the chosen stimulus is out; at the end of the assessment the assessor is left with one unchosen item

single stimulus preference assessment

stimuli are presented one at a time, and the client's response to each individual stimulus is recorded

reinforcer assessment

methods to assess if preferred stimuli are effective as reinforcers

concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment, in-the-moment reinforcer analysis, multiple schedule reinforcer assessment, and progressive ratio reinforcer assessment

four types of reinforcer assessments

concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment

assesses the effectiveness of reinforcers, when two or more contingencies operate on two or more behaviors, at the same time, yet independent of each other ; which will produce a larger increase in responding when presented as a consequence

in-the-moment reinforcer analysis

basing an item's reinforcing effectiveness on a client's immediate response when the presumed reinforcer is presented, rather than on a future increase in response rates; trainers make an in-the-moment decision about which previously established reinforcer to deliver

multiple schedule reinforcer assessment

assess the most effective reinforcement contingency when two or more schedules of reinforcement are available for one behavior, with only one (signaled) schedule in effect at a time

progressive-ratio schedule reinforcer assessment

assesses the relative effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer while response requirements are systematically increased, independent of client behavior

breaking point

when a client stops responding because the current response requirements exceed the effectiveness of the reinforcer

escape, attention, tangible, automatic

four common functions of behavior

escape

behavior results in escaping something aversive

attention

behavior results in social attention

tangible

behavior results in access to a tangible item

automatic

behavior results in self-mediated access or escape

descriptive assessment

direct observation of behavior, naturally occurring conditions, used to identify the environmental events associated with a behavior; conducted across multiple settings and times

conditional probability

the possibility of a behavior event, based on a calculation of the proportion of times a target behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent and/or followed by a specific consequence

abc continuous recording

requires direct observation during natural routines within a specified period of time; observers record instances of target behavior and specific environmental events (specific antecedents and consequences) on checklists

abc narrative recording

requires direct observation during natural routines; assessors provide accurate and detailed descriptions of behavior and related patterns in natural environments; data are only collected when the behavior is observed on an open-ended blank ABC data sheet; narrate what you observed

scatterplot recording

requires direct observation during natural routines in different environmental conditions; assesses the timing patterns of target behaviors; environmental conditions are evaluated

functional analysis (FA)

antecedents and consequences that occur in a client's natural environmental are arranged and systematically manipulated so that their individual effects on the target behavior can be observed and measured ; can be conducted in natural setting and contrived settings; allows you to make data-based claims about the maintaining function of challenging behavior

attention, escape, tangible, alone, free play

conditions in a functional analysis

attention condition of FA

tests of a positive reinforcement function

escape condition of FA

tests for negative reinforcement function

alone condition of FA

tests for an automatic reinforcement function; only test condition without social mediation

free play condition of FA

control condition against which behavior in the test conditions is compared; challenging behavior is expected to be low in this condition

tangible condition of FA

tests for a positive reinforcement function (access)

undifferentiated pattern

a pattern of responding during an FA, when a target behavior occurs at similar rates across all of the FA conditions or is highly variable with no clear differentiation of any path

brief FA, natural setting FA, trial-based FA, latency-based FA, precursor FA, synthesized FA

FA variations

brief FA

conducted over a shorter period of time; includes one or two 5-10 minute sessions for each FA condition; analyze behavior when there are time restrictions or target behavior is too severe to evoke many times

natural settings FA

FA conducted in a natural setting; identifying the relevant stimuli that impact challenging behavior in natural settings

trial-based FA

conducted using discrete trials; data is recorded for occurrence and nonoccurrence of challenging behaviors in observed trials/opportuunities when the EO is presented

latency-based FA

analyzes target behavior by measuring the latency between the presentation of the EO and the onset of the behavior

precursor FA

analyzes the reliable precursor behaviors to challenging behaviors; analysis when even one instances of a target behavior can cause a lot of harm

synthesized FA (IISCA)

analyzing several contingencies affective behavior at the same time; comprehensive and descriptive interview given to stakeholders who are familiar with the client and behavior, followed by a brief, structured observation

habilitation

when an individual's repertoire has been changed such that short-and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term punishers are minimized

relevance of behavior rule

chosen behaviors must be relevant to your client; consideration of client's cultural values

mainstreaming

the belief that individuals with disabilities should, to the maximum extent possible, be physically and socially integrated into mainstream society

behavioral cusp

any behavior which, when acquired, results in accessing new environments and, therefore, new stimulus controls and contingencies, such as reinforcers and punishers

pivotal behaviors

behaviors that, when acquired, can lead to corresponding (similar) changes occurring with new and untrained behaviors; generalization

constructional approach

the philosophy that replacement behaviors must be constructed for target behaviors that are being eliminated

component behaviors

the building block skills needed for the developement of a more complex skill