A Lec Study Guide: Chapters 1, 2, 4, 6

**The study of body structure __________.

ex. size, shape, appearance

anatomy

What is gross anatomy?

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

What is regional anatomy?

the study of all the structures in a particular region of the body

What is systemic anatomy?

all the organs with related functions are studied together (organ systems)

What is surface anatomy?

the study of shapes and markings (landmarks) on the surface of the body

What is microscopic anatomy?

the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

**The study of body function or explaining how an organ or system(s) work is called __________.

physiology

Chemical Level of Organization

most simple level, atoms combine to form molecules

Cellular Level of Organization

cells and their functional subunits

Tissue Level of Organization

a group of cells performing a common functions

Organ Level of Organization

a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue performing a specific function

Organ System Level of Organization

organs working together for a common purpose

Organismal Level of Organization

highest level of structural organization, results from all simpler levels working in unison

Levels of organization from simplest to most complex.

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

Function of the integumentary system

1. Forms the external body covering 2. Protects deeper tissue from injury 3. Helps regulate body temperature 4. Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Function of the skeletal system

1. Protects and supports body organs

2. Provides a framework for muscle attachment for movement

3. Site of blood cell formation

4. Stores minerals

Function of the muscular system

1. Produces movement

2. Maintains posture

3. Produces heat

Function of the nervous system

1. Fast-acting control system

2. Responds to internal and external change

3. Activates muscles and glands

Function of the endocrine system

1. Secretes hormones that regulate (homeostasis):

a. Growth

b. Reproduction

c. Metabolism

Function of the cardiovascular system

1. Heart pumps blood via blood vessels which transports: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes

Function of the lymphatic system

1. Returns fluids to blood vessels

2. Cleanses the blood by disposing of debris in the lymphatic stream

3. Houses WBC involved in immunity

Function of the respiratory system

1. Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

2. Removes carbon dioxide

Function of the digestive system

1. Breaks down food

2. Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

3. Eliminates indigestible material

Function of the urinary system

1. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

2. Maintains acid-base balance

3. Regulates water and electrolytes

Which body system produces offspring?

reproductive system

What organ makes up the integumentary system?

skin

What organs make up the skeletal system?

bones, cartilage, joints

What organs make up the muscular system?

skeletal muscles

What organs make up the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, nerves

The endocrine system is made up of __________.

glands

The cardiovascular system is made up of _________.

heart, blood vessels

The lymphatic system is made up of _________.

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

What organs make up the respiratory system?

nasal cavity, lungs, trachea

Organs of the digestive system are: ___________.

stomach, intestines, esophagus, oral cavity

The urinary system is made of _____________.

kidneys, ureters, bladder

The reproductive systems for females and males are made up of the following organs: ____________.

ovaries, uterus (female) & testes (male)

The skeletal system functions in storing mineral, such as _____.

calcium

The muscular system is involved in _______.

heat production

Which elements of a control system detect a change?

receptor

The survival need of _________ is required in order to release energy from foods.

oxygen

This body system responds to stimuli (internal and external).

the nervous system

This system is the site for hematopoiesis (blood cell formation).

the skeletal system

This system houses blood cells involved in immunity. It picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.

the lymphatic system

The __________ is a slow-acting body control system.

endocrine system

In the __________, the body is erect with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.

anatomical position

A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into right and left parts is called a(n) _________.

sagittal plane

A section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is called

frontal plane

A section that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is called a(n) _________.

transverse plane

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are subdivisions of the ____________.

ventral cavity (anterior)

Thoracic Cavity

contains heart and lungs

The central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart is called the ____________.

mediastinum

The two lateral regions of the thoracic cavity containing the lungs are called the ____________ .

pleural cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

The cranial and vertebral cavities are subdivisions of the _____________.

dorsal cavity (posterior)

Cranial Cavity

contains the brain

Vertebral Cavity

contains the spinal cord

Serous Cavity

space between membranes lined by a serous membrane

Parietal Serosa

the outer membrane that lines the internal body cavity walls

Visceral Serosa

covers the internal organs

Serous Fluid

a clear, watery fluid secreted by the cells of a serous membrane

The right upper quadrant contains

liver and gallbladder

The left upper quadrant contains

diaphragm, spleen, stomach, transverse colon of large intestine

The right lower quadrant contains

cecum, appendix, ascending colon of large interesting, small intestine

The left lower quadrant contains

urinary bladder, initial part of sigmoid colon, descending colon of large intestine

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the ____________.

diaphragm

What are the 3 major regions of a cell

- plasma membrane: the outer membrane

- cytoplasm: contains most organelles

- nucleus: controls cellular activities

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

fluid mosaic model (lipid bilayer), two types of proteins (integral and peripheral)

Integral Proteins

firmly imbedded in or attached to the lipid bilayer

Peripheral Proteins

attach to the surface of the membrane

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

mechanical barrier, selective permeability, and cell communication

Simple Diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion (passive transport)

movement of molecules across a membrane via integral proteins without energy from ATP

Active Transport

energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a conc. gradient

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Endocytosis

process in which a cell takes material into the cell

Phagocytosis

"cell eating" specific in what enters the cell

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking" not specific in what enters the cell

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

the uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins

Exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

Cytoplasm

lies internal to plasma membrane; consists of cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

Cytosol

jellylike fluid in which other cellular elements are suspended; consists of water, ions, and enzymes

Ribosomes

- site of protein synthesis

- free (in cytosol) or attached (to rough endoplasmic reticulum) ribosomes

- constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a system of membrane-walled envelops and tubes throughout the cytoplasm

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

ribosomes attached to the external surfaces and are a part of protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

ribosomes aren't attached to the external surfaces and are a part of lipid synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

- a stack of 3 to 10 disc shaped cisterns

- sorts products of Rough ER and dictates where it's sent to

Lysosomes

- membrane walled sacs containing digestive enzymes (clears the debris we don't want)

- sites of intracellular digestion

Mitochondria

- surrounded by double walled membrane

- powerhouse of the cell

- site of ATP synthesis

Peroxisomes

- membrane walled sacs of oxidase or catalase enzymes

- helps remove/filter the toxic waste in the cell

- enzymes neutralize free radicals and break down poisions

Cytoskeleton "cell skeleton"

an elaborate network of rods (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules)

Microtubules

- cylindrical structures made of proteins

- support the cell and give it shape

- largest of the 3 rods

Intermediate Filaments

- protein fibers

- the stable cytoskeleton elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell

- middle size of the 3 rods

Microfilaments

-fine filaments composed of the contractile protein actin

- involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement

- smallest of the 3 rods

Centrosome

- a spherical structure in the cytoplasm

- composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles

Centrioles

- paired cylindrical bodies

- act in forming cilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle

Nucleus

- largest organelle

- control center of the cell

- responsible for transmitting genetic information

- provide instructions for protein synthesis

What are the 3 major portions of the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope: outer boundary

Nucleolus: site of ribosome subunit manufacture

Chromatin: packaged DNA

Nuclear Envelope

double membrane perforated with nuclear pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus